Sub-human working conditions in Qatar Research Paper

Sub-human working conditions in Qatar - Research Paper Example The world cup is the most widely viewed sports event in the world and requires a lot of preparation by host countries to be in a position to stage the world cup owing to the high number of spectators, reporters, business people, and players who come to the host country for the world cup. Qatar has been making these preparations since 2010 when it was selected to host the 2022 world cup but there are rampant cases of inhuman working conditions for workers making preparations in stadia and other facilities in the country. It is from this understanding that this study aims at enumerating why FIFA and football associations should force Qatar to stop the "sub-human" working conditions. Workers involved in infrastructure development for the 2022 world cup are exposed to harsh working conditions including withheld payments, working in 122-degree heat for a long time with no provision of food or water, and their passports were confiscated to ensure they do not leave the country (Kwok & Wallis, 2008). Workers cannot be able to help their families and pay obligations for their jobs to recruitment agencies with 36% interest payment rates affecting their families and their person negatively (Manfred, 2014). For a country that will host the world cup, these conditions are unacceptable owing to the high benefits to be received by the country and the high following that the world cup has globally. This will taint the name of the world cup and FIFA, if the football associations and FIFA do not take the steps to correct the situation in Qatar in terms of working conditions. The intolerable working conditions in Qatar have led to the death of at least 1200 workers in different infrastructural development in preparation for the world cup with 400 of them from Nepal, 00 from India, and others from Philippines, Pakistan, Kenya, and other parts of the world. This is in accordance to a report by The International Trade Union Confederation (Manfred,

Smoking ban Essay Example for Free

Smoking ban Essay Smoking ban in almost all work places and public areas has made hotly debated issue of late. While many people approve of this legislation, some take issue with it for fear of their freedom being restricted. Nevertheless, from my personal standpoint, I am convinced that banning smoking has its pros and cons for the reasons illustrated below. On the one hand, it is irrefutable that cigar prohibition protects human’s health. To demonstrate, when having fewer chances of smoking, people, both smokers and non smokers, can avoid critical diseases, particularly lung cancer and ingesting blockage. Additionally, it may also prevent working environment from being spoilt, especially beneficial for non smokers, who find it impossible to concentrate sitting in smokes. A further point worth mentioning is by this ban we can reduce dramatically the rate of frequent absentees, when workers have to go out puffing a cigarette and therefore decrease work outcomes’ quality. On the whole, should prohibition against smoking in place, it will benefit not only smokers, non smokers’ health but also their working productivity. On the other hand, there still are some drawbacks luking in this new set of law. In smokers’ viewpoints, it is human’s right to decide to smoke wherever they want. Furthermore, if heavy smokers are kept from smoking for too long, chances are that it will render them unable to get down to work, not to mention being irritable and awkward to their colleuges. Last but not least, prohibiting people from smoking in offices, where they are for most of their waking time, threatens a dramatic drop in tobacco industry ‘ sales, which is contributing a large amount of money to taxations. Nonetheless, cigarette ban, in my view, is too strict and not utterly satisfactory in some cases. This is because there are many people who work alone in an office, which, in turn, means they will not harm others even if they smoke all days.

Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice :: Merchant of Venice Essays

Anti-Semitism in"The Merchant of Venice" Anti-Semitism in "The Merchant of Venice" Throughout the play, "The Merchant of Venice" William Shakespeare portrays anti-Semitism through many of his characters. Audiences today may interpret the play to be offensive, where as people of Shakespeare’s time would have accepted the play as part of everyday life. The majority of London’s population at the time was anti-Semitic because there were very few Jews living there. Shakespeare’s "The Merchant of Venice" supports anti-Semitism actions and thoughts and therefore it is an anti- Semitic play. Anti- Semitism is demonstrated very strongly through the character of Antonio. It is clear that Antonio is prejudice towards Jews. Shylock confronts Antonio for spitting on his gabardine, calling him a ‘dog’, and scolding him in the Rialto about his moneys. Antonio replies with, "I am like to call thee so again, To spet on thee again, to spurn thee, too"(1.3.140-141). Antonio does not deny his actions and instead of apologizing he says he will do them again. He does not hold back his feelings for Shylock and in a broad sense his feelings toward Jews. In the second act, Launcelot is debating whether or not he should seek a new employer. His problem is that he works for Shylock, who is Jewish. Launcelot thinks to himself, "Certainly the Jew is the very devil incarnation" (2.2.24). Eventually, he decides to run away from Shylock rather than continue working for a Jew. He then presents the argument, "I am a Jew if I serve the Jew any longer" (2.2.104) to his father. Before accepting the new job, Antonio discusses the matter with his father and reminds himself that Bassanio is much poorer than Shylock, b ut that he would much rather work for a Christian than a Jew. Lorenzo harshly insults Shylock when he tells Jessica that if her father ever makes it to heaven, it is only because Jessica converted to Christianity and that is portrayed through the line, "If e’er the Jew her father come to heaven, It will be for his gentle daughter’s sake" (2.4.36-7). Lorenzo describes Jessica using the word gentle. The word gentle in Shakespeare’s time can also be pronounced gentile which means against Judaism. In this quote and later on in the play through the line, "Our house is hell, and the, a merry devil"(2.3.2-3), Shakespeare is informing the reader that Jessica dislikes her father and that the house she has lived in with him is hell.

Explain what is happening in the passage of pages 120-128 of Wuthering Heights

It is this passage that Cathy realizes that she has made the wrong decision. She shouldn't have married Edgar she should be with Heathcliff. This realization is first saw when she saw her reflection in the mirror. ‘Is that Catherine Linton? ‘ Cathy asks this question because she saw someone that she does not recognize. She used to be a healthy, strong, wild girl and in her reflection she sees a pale, weak and unhappy woman. By seeing her reflection the reader can almost imagine what she is thinking. It seems as if she sees in the mirror her surroundings and realizes that it is her decision that puts her in this position. She chooses to marry Edgar and as a result denies her love for Heathcliff. From a feminist point of view it is a sign of Cathy's empowerment that she has finally realized that she shouldn't have married Edgar for his high social status, instead she should have married Heahcliff to satisfy her own feelings of immense love. It also touches on the fact that in this time period, once Cathy realizes she has made a mistake there is no way out of it, she has no means of escape, she is trapped. Cathy chose this path and as a result entered in to a world of distress and regret. From a moral point of view this passage also emits a strong message. Money and high status is not what makes you happy. You should choose to marry for love else you will end up regretting every minute. Also in this extract Nelly plays a very important role. She is highly unsympathetic to Cathy and she continually makes the assumption that Cathy has invented her illness. From a critics point of view it can be assumed that women during this time period used their frailty as strength to achieve what they want and make it so that they are in control. When Cathy asks Nelly why Edgar has not been to see her Nelly replies ‘the master has no idea of you being deranged, and, of course he does not fear that you will let yourself die of hunger' This is highly unsympathetic of Nelly and also very devious as Nelly has said nothing of Cathy's discomfort and ill health to Edgar, who would surely be worried if he knew. Cathy has further realization in this passage She previously thought that even though people around her hated each other they all still loved her ‘though everybody hated and despised each other, they could not avoid loving me' Although this gives a very self centered naive view of Cathy to the reader, it is true. What ever actions she pursued even if they hurt people they still can't help loving her. For example both Edgar and Heathcliff. She abandoned Heathcliff by marrying Edgar and by doing this ruined both of their lives however Heathcliff still endures undeniable love for her. Also Edgar is aware of Cathy's feelings for Heathcliff yet he still tends to her while she is sick and mourns for her greatly when she dies. This shows Cathy's great power in having control over men so much that they love her whatever she does to them. From a feminist point of view they would greatly reward Cathy for this. Also in this paragraph a complete turn around of Cathy's personality is shown. She is previously such a strong minded, self-confident character however it seem as though she has transformed in to a women with immense paranoia and depression. Not only has she realized that she wants to be with Heathcliff therefore feels regret and sorrow, but the man that she does have to stay with, the man she married, to her, does not care of her mental and physical state because he has not been to see her. She believes that Edgar will be happy to see her gone so that it ‘restores peace to his house' however this is not true. Edgar simply does not know of Cathy's state and this is all down to Nelly. Nelly has not informed Edgar as she believed that Cathy had invented her illness. I do not think that Nelly knows that in doing this she is actually making Catherine's illness worse as it is continually making her more distressed. ‘Tossing about she increased her feverish bewilderment' this paints a visual picture in to the readers head of the true state that Cathy is in. It is as though with time her mental state is quickly turning in to madness that she can't escape. Just like she can not escape her marriage. After this action Nelly realizes what the doctor said during her former illness. She should not be crossed; I think it is at this point that Nelly realizes the true seriousness of Cathy's case. Cathy continues to act with madness. Nelly describes her as ‘violent' which is the precise word judging from her following actions. ‘Pulling the feathers from the rents' Cathy then sorts the feathers according to different species. ‘That a turkeys, and this is a wild ducks and this is a pigeon's' This reference to birds transfers the readers m ind to the past when she was out on the moors with Heathcliff, open and free. The sense of entrapment enters the readers head again. The imprisonment of the Grange can not be compared to the open free moors. ‘Open the window again wide' I believe Cathy wants the window open because she feels this imprisonment and feels like only the wind from the moors can release her. When she opens it ‘the frosty air cut about her shoulders as keen as a knife' A very strong simile is used here because while Cathy feels as though the moors gives her a sense of freedom, this simile enters the feeling of death in to the readers mind by the word ‘knife' It is as if the moors knows that Cathy and Heathcliff can only be together once they are both dead. While looking out of the window Cathy claims that she sees Wuthering Heights ‘that's my room with the candle in it' the reference to the candle being lit is almost a resemblance of Cathy's life. It is though the candle still burns even when she has left Wuthering Heights but will soon die out when she dies herself. Cathy is the first one to make the promise that she will not rest until she is with Heathcliff. ‘I will not rest until you are with me†¦ I never will' so even when later in the book Heathcliff curses Cathy when she has died so that she will not rest peacefully, the reader knows that she does not want to rest without Heathcliff. When Edgar sees what is going on in Cathy's room he is extremely angry at Nelly for not informing him. His ignorance of Cathy's illness is shown ‘Catherine is ill? ‘ By Nelly not telling Edgar she has unknowingly ruined everything between them. Edgar has come too late because Cathy by this time has realized of her mistake. She gave him no glance of recognition' when he took her in to his arms. By this time she is in a different world, she no longer wants to be in this world of the Grange she wants freedom. It seems as if she has true hatred for Edgar. She acts as if it is his fault that Heathcliff and she are together when in fact it is her own fault. ‘You are one of those things that are ever found when least wanted and when you are wanted never! ‘ This shows she is mad that he has not come earlier when in fact it is all Nelly's fault for not making him aware. Catherine talks to him of death and where she wants her grave. This already shows that she has given up. It is as if she has no reason to live because she can't be happy without Heathcliff. ‘My resting place where I bound before spring is over' ‘in the open air with as head stone' this shows her link again with the moors. She wants to be buried there because it is where she feels safe; free and where she experienced the happiest times of her life.

Organizational Behaviour Assignment †Management Essay

A manager is a person who supervises one or more subordinates (Bailey et al., 1991, p. 14) by using the management functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Managers can make a group of individuals more efficient to achieve (Reid) an organization’s goals. In addition to the functions, managers have roles to play in an organization and skills which make easier for them to do so. The management functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling is a way for managers to mold individuals into ideal employees. With planning, managers can define the goals of the organization, and then establish an approach to achieve it (Gibson et al., 1997, p. 16) by developing a plan. Inputs from subordinates concerning about the plan are very much encouraged; as they’re the ones that make a plan work and by asking for their thoughts, subordinates would feel valued. After a plan is designed, organizing it will be the next step. Everything should be on stand by and everyone should understand the significance of their role (Gibson et al., 1997, p. 16). Next comes leading, where managers are seen motivating the employees and resolving conflicts. When the plan is being implemented, managers can control activities to ensure everything goes accordingly. A back-up plan should be developed in case of a crisis (Reid). Being aware of all these functions, managers can effectively assist an organization to attain its goals. In Henry Mintzberg’s study, he concluded that a manager’s roles falls into three categories; interpersonal, informational and decisional roles (Robbins & Coulter 2002, p. 9). In the category of interpersonal roles, a manager is a figurehead, a leader and a liaison of which he is a person who to gets closer to other individuals in the organization by developing a more personal connection with them. To accomplish this, managers should recognize that individuals have life to lead outside their office. Within the informational roles category, managers are the organization’s monitor, disseminator and spokesperson. Information is used here as an advantage for subordinates; managers facilitate by seeking receiving and transmitting information to them. In the decisional category, managers are seen as an entrepreneur, disturbance handler and resource allocator. Managers make important decisions that can influence individuals’ work environment. By assuming these rol es, an effective manager can be born in oneself. An effective manager needs certain skills as well. Skill is an ability to transform knowledge into act that ends in a desired performance (Bailey et al, 1991, p. 22). The vital managerial skills are sorted out into three categories; technical, conceptual and human skills (Robbins & Coulter 2002, p. 11). A technical skill is a specialized knowledge, which can be learned through experience or basis education. Conceptual skills are the potential to analyze, identify and correct problems. Human skills are the capability to work well with others by using motivation and understanding human behaviors. Organizational Behaviour is a knowledge which helps managers who deals closely with human resources to understand their subordinates as an individual, a group or as a whole organization (Robbins, S. P. et al., 1998, p. 10). Organizational Behaviour offers several concepts in helping managers to understand individuals better. The concepts are globalization, workforce diversity, improving quality and productivity, empowerment, improving people skill, ‘temporariness’, simulating innovation and changes, balancing family with work and ethics (Robbins, S. P. et al., 1998, pp. 13-18). Globalization is interdependency of transportation, distribution, communication and economic networks across global boundaries (Gibson, Ivancevich & Donnelly 1997, p. 54). This influences a manager’s people skills by two ways; he’ll likely be transferred to a foreign country or having to deal with individuals from difference countries (Robbins, S. P. et al., 1998, p. 17). To adapt, managers should think globally and being aware of the process of globalization. Managers should sensitise themselves while dealing with a global organization (Gibson, Ivancevich & Donnelly 1997, pp. 57-58). A clear code of conduct for the workplace can be developed so that employees have respect for difference cultures. To benefit from globalization, managers should equip employees with information about cultures in a country that they wish to penetrate its market (Gibson, Ivancevich & Donnelly 1997, p. 58). Procter & Gamble’s introduction of liquid detergent failed in Europe because European washing machines weren’t equipped for it so modifications had to be made to their product (Gibson, Ivancevich & Donnelly 1997, p. 56). This is an example in which Procter & Gamble had to suffer the loss of profits because they were ignorant in finding out about the pros and cons of launching their product. Managers will have to give pleasure to local as well as international needs so that global success can be attained. A diverse workforce will help managers to appreciate the intricacy of globalization. Workforce diversity occurs when an organization becomes more distinct in terms of gender, race, ethnicity and minority (Robbins & Coulter 2002, p. 41). Managers will have to mingle with the diverse workforce. Cultural awareness training for the current workforce (http://www.pwcglobal.com/us/eng/careers/diversity/index.html, 2001) can help employees and managers to learn about each other’s background. At PricewaterhouseCoopers, a Diversity and Workforce Champions are appointed in each department to find solutions concerning diversity problems; in hope of enhancing work performance. Jim Schiro, the CEO there, said that; â€Å"When you make a genuine commitment to diversity, you bring a greater diversity of ideas, approaches, experiences and abilities that can be applied to client problems. After all, six people with different perspective have a better shot at solving complex problems than sixty people who all think alike.† (http://www.pwcglobal.com/us/eng/careers/diversity/index.html, 2001) From the statement above, it shows that a diverse workforce is well appreciated because it can improve an organization’s quality and productivity. To improve quality and productivity, this is where Total Quality Management (TQM) comes in. TQM is a philosophy of management that is driven by constant attainment of customer satisfaction through continuous improvement of organization (Robbins & Coulter 2002, p. 46). Managers can use the approach of reengineering (Gibson, Ivancevich & Donnelly 1997, pp. 349-50) which is to reconsider how work would be done if it was from scratch. This can be done if a manager’s conceptual skills are used. Managers will have to come out with an arrangement that can improve organization’s productivity and quality so that customer satisfaction could be maximised. The organization should be completely change for the better; not only the final product but also the small things like how quickly is the employees’ response to complaints, how polite are they and so on. Citigroup’s employees are promoted based on their work performance (http://www.citigroup.com/citigroup/corporate/values/index.htm, 2003). At Hewlett-Packard Corporation, customers’ respect and loyalty is earned by providing high-quality services (http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/corpobj.html, 2001). This can be done by putting employees in direct contact with customers. By doing so, employees can personally identify customer needs, so better choices can be made to satisfy the customers. Managers can empower employees to achieve customers’ approval. Empowerment means putting employees in charge of what they’re doing. It eases employees because when there’s no managers breathing down their necks during their work. At Nokia, employees are rewarded for the overall success based on their performance so it generates an environment for employees to optimize to their full potential; which managers can provide by giving employees all the information they need to succeed (http://www.nokia.com/nokia/0,8764,5452,00.html, 2003). Motivation is the best means for managers. In the Lesson of the Red Horse, it stated that employees tend to work more competent when employees are able to think on their own (Reid). Managers should treat employees as individuals and show that their contribution to the organization count. Meetings across departments; as a whole should be held regularly to help employees recognize the organization’s objectives better. In those meetings, ‘brainstorming’ (Robbins, S. P. et al., 1998, p. 741) can be done so new ideas from employees can be considered. Susan M. Heathfield wrote that: â€Å"†¦I attended a meeting led by a young manager. I watched †¦ as she provided [information] and led a discussion. The most striking feature of the interaction was that she talked to the group as if they were all colleagues working on the same goal.† (Heathfield, 2003) This exhibits that a manager isn’t more or less important than other individuals in the organization. Organization’s goals can be achieved when its managers’ people skill enhances. Employees should have a sense of importance and thrill, exhibit openness, insight and originality, and flourish on change, challenge and competition. A manager can make an employee have that sense by making them know that mistakes are tolerable as long as it’s being dealt with as soon as possible. Citigroup encourages an ‘open-door’ management style where doors in the office aren’t close at any given time to make the working environment more laid-back and giving the employees an opportunity to converse as well as interaction with their co-workers and managers alike without fear of rejection (http://www.citigroup.com/citigroup/corporate/values/data/index.htm, 2003). Communication is the key to bring individuals closer. At Nokia, a culture of internal and external communication is valued. Its range of communication channels that helps employees to use corporate information that they receive and by doing so knowledge is pooled and a sense of openness in Nokia is supreme (http://www.nokia.com/nokia/0,8764,321,00.html, 2003). Managers can take cue from people at Nokia as there is a Nokia People magazine which is published in 4 languages, a Nokia News Service which offers daily organizational news online, and an Intranet that contains Nokia’s company information. The reason why Nokia was focused is because of their commitment in bringing the Nokia employees throughout worldwide closer to one another (http://www.nokia.com/nokia/0,8764,5450,00.html, 2003). Managers should familiarize themselves with employees to can create a sense of family bond in the workplace. At HalfPrice books, its founder made the working environment enjoyable by encouraging a sense of play at work and enlivening employees so that they feel they’re a part of something brilliant (Heathfield, 2003). Managers have to simulate employee’s creativity and tolerance for change. The business world today is a global one with the introduction of the Internet. It offers plenty of opportunities for organizations to discover in. Hallmark, a greeting card company recognised this and developed their own website. Managers can nurture innovation by making information accessible to its employees and selecting creative people who are trained to develop first-class products (Robbins, S. P. et al., 1998, p. 18). Even if the company is the first to develop something new, it’s time to move on to the next best thing when their competitors reached the same product level. At Citigroup, management are willingly to invest in infrastructure and focus more on technological innovation because they want employees to give the very best service to their customers (http://www.citigroup.com/citigroup/about/index.htm, 2003). A change in an organization is inevitable therefore managers and employees face the concept of ‘temporariness’ (Robbins, S. P. et al., 1998, p. 18). They have to learn flexibility, spontaneity and unpredictability in the workforce today, by constantly updating themselves to better perform. Employees tend to defy changes because fear of getting fired, getting a lower pay or just fear of the unknown (Robbins & Coulter 2001, pp. 345-47). Resistance to changes can be avoided if the changes are planned well and there is clear communication between management and employees. Explaining the need for changes to employees and getting their views can diminish the resistance. Companies like Ford or JVC had to deal with changes when computerised assembly lines were introduced. All these changes happened due to new innovations being made everyday. Change creates stress for employees. Managers have to realise that employees have another part of life outside the workplace (Robbins & Coulter 2001, p. 351). Balancing work and family add more stress to employees that it disturbs their working potential. Work and family relates to one another. Organizations realized family concerns jeopardize business results. Managers should be aware of this as employees are afraid to voice out their concerns in fear of appearing less dedicated to their jobs. At Motorola, a work-life vision statement is made and a â€Å"Special Delivery† program gives expectant parents a 24-hours nurse hotline in hope of comforting and calming employees (Hammonds 1997). Satisfying employees’ personal needs can encourage more effective workers with less constant worry. Companies that recognise the need to adapt work to peoples’ life will win employees’ loyalty which gains them an edge in the business. Managers might find themselves dealing with ethical dilemma where they’re required to define right or wrong conducts. Managers need to create an ethically healthy working climate at the workplace for employees. Levis Strauss became the first global company to establish a broad ethical code of conduct in 1991 (http://www.levistrauss.com/responsibility, 2003). Values of the organization can be seen through its employees. For example, Malcolm Walker who heads a retail food chain called Iceland is also a member of an environmental awareness group called Greenpeace (Robbins & Coulter 2001, p. 130). His company showed ethical behaviour when they decided to sell products which are free of chemicals that can harm Earth. Managers should hire ethical individuals, establishing a code of ethics at workplace (Robbins & Coulter 2001, p. 131) and of course, be a good role model by making the right choices in managing the organization. Managers can either make or break an organization as they can influence and control the employees into doing anything they want. Managing individuals isn’t easy; however, it can be done effectively with the aid of organizational behaviour concepts and knowledge. It is something that a manager can improve on with practice and experience throughout their working profession. Reference List ‘About HP: Hewlett Packard Corporate Objectives’, [online] 2002, Available from: , [2003, October 10]. Bailey, J., Schermerhorn, J., Hunt, J., Osborn, R., 1991, ‘Chapter 1 Organisational Behaviour and the Manager’. In: Managing Organisational Behaviour. London: Jacaranda Wiley Ltd. p. 14. – – -. p. 22. ‘Citigroup – Our Values’, [online], 2003. Available from: , [2003, October 9] ‘Citigroup – About Us’, [online], 2003. Available from: , [2003, October 9]. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., Donnelly, J. H. Jr., 1997, ‘Chapter 1: The Study of Organization’. In: Organizations Behavior Structure Processes. ed. Biernat, J. E., Rob Zwettler. United States of America. p. 16. – – -. ‘Chapter 3: Globalization’. p. 54. – – -. ‘Chapter 3: Globalization’. pp. 56-58. – – -. ‘Chapter 13: Organization Structure’. pp. 349-50. Hammonds, K. H. 1997, ‘Balancing work and Family: Business Week’, [online], Available from:, [2003, October 15]. Heathfield, S. M.,2003. ‘Help People Thrive at Work’. [online]. Available from:, [2003, October 9]. – – -. ‘Make Learning Matter: Become A Learning Organization’. [online]. Available from: , [2003, October 1]. ‘Levi Strauss Co. | Social Responsibility’, 2003. [online], Available from: , [2003, October 4]. ‘Nokia – Internal Communications. [online], 2003, Available from: , [2003, October 4]. ‘Nokia – Nokia as an Employer’. [online], 2003, Available from: , [2003, October 7] ‘Nokia – Performance Based Rewarding’. [online], 2003, Available from: , [2003, October 10]. ‘PricewaterhouseCoopers:US:Careers:Diversity’, [online], 2001. Available from: , [2003, October 10]. Reid, J., 2003. ‘Lesson of the Red Horse’. [online]. Available from: [2003, September 18]. – – -.2003. Management 101. [online]. Available from: [2003, September 18]. Robbins, S. P. & Coulter M. 2001. ‘Chapter One: Introduction to Management and Organizations. In: ‘Management’. Prentice-Hall International Inc. p. 9. – – -. p. 11. – – -. ‘Chapter Two: Management Yesterday and Today’. p. 41. – – -. p. 46. – – -. ‘Chapter Five: Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics. Pp. 130-31. – – -. ‘Chapter Thirteen: Managing Change and Innovation’. pp. 345-47. – – -. p. 351. Robbins, S. P., Millett, R., Cacioppe, R., Marsh-Waters, T., 1998. ‘What is Organisational Behaviour?’. In: ‘Organisational Behaviour: Leading and Managing in Australia and New Zealand’. French’s Forest NSW: Prentice Hall. p. 10.

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essays

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essays Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Essay Topic: Girl in Translation Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Uncle Toms Children â€Å"One lesson I have learnt from the history of Muslims. At critical moments in their history it is Islam that has saved Muslims and not vice versa. † (Sir Muhammad Iqbal) Why Ideology of Pakistan is Important: Today the world community comprises of more than 180 countries. Pakistan appeared on the world map in August 1947, and became the first Islamic ideological state of the modern times. Unlike the non-ideological states, it was not established due to any geographical conflict or territorial domination by a group of people. If the ideology of such a state like Pakistan is dead then its existence can be questioned.Therefore, Pakistan can’t exist if there is no more ideology of Pakistan. Pakistan is an ideological state†¦established in the name of the Islam. But on the 31st of December 1971, this land of ours, lost its east wing. And East Pakistan emerged on the world map as Bangladesh. The then prime minister of India Ms. Indra Gandhi claimed that the birth of Bangladesh is the death of the two-nation theory†¦ If, as said, the ideology of Pakistan came to an end in 1971, then the objective behind the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan would have come to an end too.Purpose of Pakistan The breakup of the country in 1971 raised cynical eyebrows about national identity and gave rise to the theory of sub-nationalities on the basis of race, religion and language. Thus questions are being asked about the very existence of Pakistan. The debate about the motivating force behind the making of Pakistan has been one endless exercise. Was there any need of Pakistan at all? Is this just another Muslim state like many others? Was creation of Pakistan a conspiracy of the British and/or of Muslim League?Was it to retrieve the ancient glory of the Islamic era, or to find a base for the reconstruction of Islamic thought and the resurgence and re-adaptation of its message to our day and age? Was Pakistan created accidentally? Was the sacrific e of thousands of Muslims in 1947 useless? Should Pakistan and India be merged together to form â€Å"Akhand Bharat† to restore peace in the Sub-continent? What is Two Nation Theory? Two-Nation theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states thatMuslims and Hindus are two separate nations from every definition; therefore Muslims should have a separate homeland in the Muslim majority areas of India, where they can spend their lives according to the glorious teachings of Islam. If Muslims of the sub-continent comprise an Islamic nation then they have the right to have separate homeland as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned and I quote: â€Å"History has presented to us many examples, such as the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, of Czechoslovakia and Poland.History has also shown to us many geographical tracts, much smaller than the sub-continent of India, which otherwise might have been called one country, but which have been divided into as many seven or eight sovereign states. Like-wise, the Portuguese and the Spanish stand divided in the Iberian Peninsula. † The Definition Of Nation The significance and reality of Pakistan has not been fully understood in the west. To the west, nationality based on religion is an alien and often-incomprehensible phenomenon.This is because religion in the West has come to play such a restricted role. In the West, Germans and French are accepted as two separate nations. However, the fact of Hindus and Muslims in India representing two separate cultural entities is seldom appreciated. A young French student may visit a family in Germany, share their meals, may attend the same church and even marry a girl in the family without creating a scandal or surprise. But such instances of intermarriage have been extremely rare in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent.Even some of the most ardent Indian Nationalist has found the idea totally unacceptable. As Sir Abdur Rahim o bserved: â€Å"Any of us Indian Muslims traveling for instances in Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia among Chinese Muslims, Arabs and Turks, would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary, in India we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live. † Is Two Nation Theory A New ConceptA point generally raised by the opponent of the two-nation theory is that Pakistan was created accidentally and that the intellect of most of the Muslims at that time was overpowered by emotions. Moreover, that this phenomenon emerged in the early decade of the 20th century. But, what the history reveals is something different. Two-Nation theory was not at all as new phenomenon. History of Two Nation Theory Mahatma Gandhi, speaking in the second session of the Round table conference in London in 1931, said that the quarrel between Hindus an d Muslims was ‘coreview with the British advent’ in India.It would be difficult to maintain such a position historically because the conflict between Hindus and Muslims had started long before the emergence of the British power in India. The phenomenon of Two-Nation theory originated with the advent of Islam in the Sub-Continent (712AD). According to Jinnah, â€Å"The concept of two nation theory originated the day, the first Hindu converted to Muslim. † The partition of India was proposed more than seven hundred years prior to the Lahore resolution.In 1192 AD, on the eve of battle of Tarian, according to famous historian Farishta, Sultan Muizz-ud-Din had suggested to his rival, Pirthviraj, the partition of India, leaving the region of Sirhind, Punjab and Multan with Sultan and retaining the rest of India for himself. This proposal cropped up again after 150 years, when Al-Beruni pointed out the existence of the two big groups of people subscribing to two differe nt religions. â€Å"This (the religious difference) renders any connection with them† says Beruni, â€Å"quite impossible and constitutes the widest of gulf between them and us (Hindu and Muslims). |Perhaps Emperor Aurengzeb (1658-1707) was responsible for increasing Hindu Muslim tensions by trying to Islamize the Mughal | |government. Several Muslim historians have actually glorified Aurengzeb for making Muslims conscious of their separate religious | |and ideological identity. It is also true that Maratha and Sikh leaders raised their banner of revolt against Aurangzeb because | |in trying to organize his government on Islamic lines, the emperor was acting against their interest.Sir Jaduanath Sarkar’s | |observation on the role of Shivaji, the Maratha leader, is revealing: | |â€Å"Shivaji has shown that the tree of Hinduism is not really dead. That it can rise from beneath the seemingly crushing load of | |centuries of political bondage, exclusion from the adminis tration, and legal repression; it can put forth new leaves and branches| |it can again lift its head up to the skies† | |After Aurangzeb’s death, Muslim power started disintegrating.Muslims were so alarmed by the growing power of the Hindus under | |Maratha leadership that even a Sufi scholar like Shah Walliullha (1703-81) was moved into writing a letter to the Afghan King | |Shah Walliullah. He wrote: | |â€Å"In short, the Muslim community is in a pitiable condition. All control of the machinery of government is in the hands of Hindus,| |because they are the only people who are capable and industrious.Wealth and prosperity are concentrated in their hands; while | |the share of Muslims is nothing but poverty and misery†¦ At this time you are the only King who is powerful, far-sighted, and | |capable of defeating the enemy forces. Certainly it is incumbent upon you to march to India, destroy the Maratha domination and | |rescue weak and old Muslims from the clutch es of Non-Muslims. If, God forbid, domination by infidels continues, Muslims will | |forget Islam and within a short time become such a nation that there will be nothing left distinguish them from non-Muslims. | |This letter by Shah Walliullah to a foreign Muslim against the local Non-Muslims again reflects that Muslims living in any part | |of the world are the part of one Muslim Nation. | |The Two Nations | |Although the Hindus and Muslims had been living together for centuries in the Indian sub-continent, yet there had never been | |either any signs of merger of the Hindu and Muslims societies, or any serious attempt to develop a working relationship between | |the two major ethnic groups.The two have always remained as two distinct social systems, two separate and distinct cultures and | |last but not the least, two different civilizations. | |In fact, Hindu fanaticism has always been against those who do not belong to them and against all outsiders, whom they consider | |maleec h or unclean. So they are against having any connection with such people, what to speak of inter-marriage, a Hindu is often| |forbidden eat or drink or to even shake hand with a Muslim or for that matter with a person belonging to any other faith or | |religion.In short the Hindu customs and their hatred for Muslims was the main factor against developing a working relationship | |between the two major societies. | |Lala Lajpat Rai, a very astute politician and staunch Hindu Mahasabhite, in his letter to Mr. C. R. Das, which was written 12 or | |15 years prior to Pakistan Resolution, wrote: | |â€Å"There is one point more which has been troubling me very much of late and one which I want you to think (about) carefully, and | |that is the question of Hindu Mohammedan unity.I have devoted most of my time during the last six months to the study of Muslim | |history and Muslim law, and I am inclined to think it is neither possible nor practicable. Assuming and admitting the sincerity | |of Mohammedan leaders in the non-cooperation movement, I think their religion provides an effective bar to anything of that kind†¦| |And nothing would relieve more than to be convinced that it is so. But if it is right, then it comes to this, that although we | |can unite against the British, we cannot do so to rule Hindustan on British lines.We cannot do so to rule Hindustan on | |democratic lines. † | |[pic] |[pic] | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned: â€Å"It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism.They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different social orders. It is a dream that the Hindu and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality; and this misconception of one Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits, and is the cause of most of our troubles, and will lead India to destruction, if we fail to r evise our notions in time. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature.They neither intermarry, nor interline together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations, which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Musalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, their heroes are different, and they have different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other, and likewise, their victories and defeats overlap.To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and the final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. † Is Pakistan a Conspiracy of British And/Or Jinnah For the congress, the establishment of Pakistan was a cr uel blow to their claim of being a nationalist organization. It meant that Muslims did not trust the Hindus as a majority community to be just and generous towards Muslims interests and culture.This explains why congress leaders have often tended to attribute the creation of Pakistan almost entirely to the British policy of ‘divide and rule’. However, a closer look at the history after the establishment of the British rule in India will reveal that the Hindus were much closer to the British government than the Muslims. The Hindus, who were fed up with the Muslim rule, welcomed the British rule over India. This state of affairs resulted in the patronage of the Hindus by the British and suspicion and distrust against the Muslims of the sub-continent.The Hindus were economically better off than the Muslims. The events of 1857 further diminished the prospects of economic growth of the Muslim community in the sub-continent. From 1857 onwards, when the British had taken compl ete control of the Indian Administration, they elevated the Hindu community to the status of landlords, gave the Hindus proprietary rights and provided them the opportunity to accumulate the wealth which should have otherwise gone to the Muslims who were at the helm of affairs. Hindus were given more jobs in the government and military compared to Muslims.Lets now look see whether the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 as the largest Muslim state was a conspiracy of Jinnah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah remained an active member of the Indian National Congress for about 25 years, and because of his personal efforts to bring about a rapprochement between Hindus and Muslims was even hailed as the ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity’. As long as effective power in India was in the hands of the British, it appeared as if a true nationalism was growing in that country.However, with the introduction of representative institutions and the devolution of political authority, the Hindus start ed showing their true colors by imposing their superiority over the Muslim minority, as a result of which a struggle between Hindus and Muslims ensued. Jinnah was greatly disappointed by these movements by the congress leaders and so he resigned from the Congress. The behavior of the Congress leader changed his mind and realized him that the Congress is a Hindu Congress. Another popular view regards Pakistan as no more than a personal triumph of the brilliant strategy and will power of Quaid-e-Azam| |Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that had Jinnah died earlier, there would not have been any | |Pakistan. It is true that Jinnah’s great role was a highly important contributing factor; but without intense religious zeal for | |an Islamic state on the part of Muslim masses, Jinnah could not have achieved Pakistan.Khilafat leaders like Maulana Muhammad | |Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and poets like Hali, Akbar Allahabdi and Iqbal were mainly respons ible for making Muslims | |conscious of their separate national and cultural identity. Thus, when the message of Pakistan was presented to the masses, it | |fell on fertile soil. Jinnah, who did not know Urdu, could not have achieved Pakistan without able and zealous lieutenants and | |without the vision of an Islamic state as an inspiring stimulant.One may even go so far as to say that the Muslim League, led | |largely by the middle-class Muslim Leaders, would have probably come to some sort of compromise on the issue of Pakistan had they| |not been swept off their feet by the intense Islamic fervor of the masses and the astounding success that the Muslim League | |achieved during the elections of 1945-46. It has been reported that the Quaid-e-Azam himself never expected to see Pakistan in | |his lifetime. |Congress leaders tried to challenge the two-nation theory by pointing out that a large number of Muslims in India were | |descendants of Hindu forebears who had converted to Isl am. They also argued that there was hardly any cultural difference between| |Hindus and Muslims in the rural areas where the vast majority of both communities lived. But these arguments could not alter the | |fact that a change in one’s religion from Hinduism to Islam in the Indian context not merely implied a change in one’s religion, | |but also a significant change in man’s social and cultural status.The new convert became the member of an egalitarian social and| |cultural force in large parts of India. Particularly in the North Western part of India, which constitutes Pakistan today, the | |dominant culture that emerged was clearly Islam. | |From Bande Mataram to Pakistan | |The first provincial elections under the 1935 Act were held in 1937, as a result of these elections, the congress was invited to | |form ministries in seven provinces.The attitude of the congress government towards the Muslims was very cruel, and it opened the| |eyes of Muslims to the im pending danger. The hostile attitude of Congress government towards the Muslims was by itself a proof of| |Hindus being a separate Nation. The experience of living under Congress rule was one major factor which shook the Muslims from | |their political slumber and made them instantly conscious of their distinct national identity. | |Let’s consider the example of â€Å"Bande Mataram†. The Bande Mataram was adopted as the national anthem in the Congress Governed | |provinces.Muslim children were compelled to sing this anthem, which the Quaid described as â€Å"Idolatrous and worse a hymn of | |hatred for Muslims. † | |The song â€Å"Bande Mataram† is from an old Bengali novel, Anand Math, written by Bankim Chandra Chattrji. It tells the story of a | |secret religio-political society of Hindus plotting the overthrow of the Muslim power in Bengal in the 18th century. The new | |recruits to the secret society recited the Bande Mataram as a vow. A new recruit, Mohendra, was led by the leader, Bhavananda, to| |the temple of Anand Math to have darshan of the Mother.In the first chamber Mohendra was greeted by a massive four-armed Vishnu,| |flanked by the idols of Lakshami and Arawati, and a lonely image sitting on his lap. Bhavanda pointing to the lady on the lap of | |Lord Vishnu told Mohendra that she is the Mother and we are her children. The next chamber was decorated with the image of | |Jagatdhari, another deity who was explained, as â€Å"The mother was first like this†, the next camber where ten-armed Durga was | |presiding, attended by Lakshami and Sarawati.Bhavanda explained: â€Å"This is what the Mother will be like†¦ when the enemy has been | |crushed under her feet†. Mohendra was overcome with religious fervor and chanted these lines of Bande Mataram to be confirmed as | |a member of the anti-Muslim secret society: | |[pic] |[pic] | Thou art Durga with ten arms: | |And thou art Lakshmi, the lotus ranging; | |And thou art Vani that Givweth knowledge; | |I salute thee | |The Congress Government went to such an extent as to replace Urdu by Hindi, banning of Cow slaughter and even celebrating | |Gandhi’s Birthday officially and compelling the students Hindus and non-Hindus to worship the picture of Mahatma Gandhi. | |From the above very brief but factual analysis of the relationship which had developed between the two major Communities of India| |i. e; the Hindus and the Muslims, it should no longer be a questionable proposition as to why the Muslims insisted on the | |partition of India and having a separate Homeland for the Muslims. | |The Tragedy of 1971 | |The separation of East Pakistan was no doubt the biggest tragedy in the history of Pakistan.However, it should not be regarded | |as death of Two Nation Theory. First of all Bangladesh, though no more a part of Pakistan but still is neither a Hindu state nor | |a secular state rather is a Muslim State. The elite of West Pakist an were not able to understand the real situation in East | |Pakistan and they absolutely failed to tackle it. In spite of all these mistakes by the government, the involvement of the | |foreign hand in separation of East Pakistan, is a solid reality. Those who cry today upon the â€Å"cross-border† terrorism in Kashmir| |(in spite of the fact that there is no international border in Kashmir) have totally forgotten the hands and faces behind the | |Muktibahini.The way the Bangla youth was brain washed by Hindu teachers and scholars is an open secret. The fact is that not | |much literature was available in the Bangla language about Islam, neither any translation of Iqbal nor of Moududi. On the other | |hand Robinder Nath Tegore and Chander Mukr Ji were very popular. | |The Muslim Bangladesh though no more a part of Pakistan is independent from the fright of Hindu domination. | |Ms. Indra Gandhi’s statement about the creation of Bangladesh, was by itself a proof of the existence of the Two-Nation Theory. | |She claimed that today ‘we’ have taken the revenge of the â€Å"1000’s years slavery†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but in 1971 Pakistan was just 24 years old!!! | |Then what was she referring to by mentioning the 1000 years? Definitely she was talking about the era when Muslims ruled India. | |This means Pakistan didn’t emerge neither with the advent of British to India, nor is a result of â€Å"Divide and Conquer†, nor is a | |conspiracy of the Muslim League, nor is a symbol of nationalism based on territory. Pakistan-based on the Two-Nation theory | |existed long before August 47 in the heart of every Muslim of the Sub-Continent, who wanted the revival of the Muslim Ummah. | |[pic] |[pic] | Two Nation Theory At PresentKeeping in view the above discussion in light of facts and figures from history, it can be claimed that theTwo Nation Theory is a reality even today. Unfortunately, the Hindu community of the sub-continent has never accepted this reality from the very beginning and they still want to convert the Indo-Pak sub-continent to Maha Bharat. They want all non-Hindus to change their faith to Hinduism. The top leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently ruling India, has not only publicly denounced the two-nation theory but has also declared that it does not accept the partition of the Sub-Continent in 1947 which was based on this theory. On the same analogy, the BJP claims that Kashmir is an integral part of India.The BJP also advises the Muslims in India that they must stop looking towards Makkah and Medina as they can live only by accepting Hindutva. The BJP government, in order to assimilate the Muslim population in India with the Hindu majority, also intends to amend Muslim personal laws. A movement has also been launched in India, with the blessing of the BJP government, that all the Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs, should call themselves Hindus, as th ey are the citizens of â€Å"Hindustan†. The non-Hindus in India, particularly the Muslims, are also being advised that by adopting the Hindu faith they may ensure for themselves an honorable place in the country.It may be recalled that Madhav Sadarish Golwalker, the head of the RSS, whom the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, considers his ‘soul and mentor’, in his book entitled â€Å"WE: our own nationhood defined†, while branding the Muslims of India as ‘enemies’ belonging to foreign races, recommended that ‘the foreign races in Hindustan’ must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i. e; of the Hindu nation, must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu race, claiming nothing, deserving no privilege, far less any preferential treatment – not even c itizen’s right.The enormous difficulties, which the Muslims are encountering for the protection of their religious beliefs and for the restitution of their political, economic and other rights in the so-called secular but Hindu-dominated India, bear testimony to the political acumen and far sightedness of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who so rightly had perceived the establishment of a separate state for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent to save them from unfair treatment by the Hindu Majority. Many opponents of the Two-Nation theory, base their arguments on the fact that India at present has a Muslim community, which is larger in population than the Muslim population in Pakistan.Therefore, according to the Two-Nation theory, Pakistan’s border should be opened to all of them, and in case this is not done then the creation of Pakistan was a selfish act of the Muslims living in the areas comprising Pakistan today, since, it has changed Muslims in India to an even small er minority. First of all opening the borders of Pakistan to all the Muslims is a misinterpretation of the Two-Nation theory, and is simply not applicable. Pakistan was created to have a fortress for the Muslim Ummah. All the Muslim leaders had it very much clear in their mind that all the Muslims would never be the citizens of Pakistan. Many of them became the citizens of India, after 1947, but had struggled for the creation of Pakistan, throughout their lives. Pakistan movement in the Hindu majority provinces was much stronger than in the Hindu minority areas. What does all this reveal?Pakistan is much more than a piece of land. They never struggled for a piece of land to name it Pakistan; they had struggled for the Ideology named Pakistan. The Muslim leaders of the sub-continent struggled for Pakistan on the same guidelines as the Islamic state of Medina Munawara. Many Muslims migrated along with the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) to Medina Munawara, however many of them were left in Makkah. Those who had migrated along the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) and those who were the citizens of Medina, lived peacefully. While those who were left in Makkah were subjected to the cruelties of the Kaffar in Makkah. Was this unfair with them?It would have been unfair if the people of Medina had not participated in Badar, Uhed and Khandeq and rather would have opted for celebrating â€Å"Basant in Pakistan† at the same time when the people from Pakistan had been sold in Tora Bora†. In that case it would have been unfair†¦ but this certainly does not mean that establishment of â€Å"Medina† was an unfair decision rather it meant that those elements should be subjected to accountability which turn â€Å"jihad till Fatah-e-Makkah† to â€Å"Basant Bahar – the part of our culture†. The condition of the Indian Muslims after fifty-five years reveals the truth of the so-called Indian secularism. The Muslim s in India are still getting a raw deal in every sphere of life. They are still living in the curse of poverty and backwardness. And above all they are still fighting the threats to their religious and cultural identity.The sense of insecurity experienced by the Indian Muslims in the post partition period has been compounded in recent years. In terms of numbers, the Muslims are only next to the Hindus, totaling 95. 2 million (1991 census) and constituting about 12 percent of the population. Yet they are considered by the Hindus even less important than the Jains and Buddhists who are only 0. 43 and 0. 41 percent of the population respectively (1991 census). A prominent Hindu writer S. Harrison admits that the dominant note in the Hindu attitude towards Muslim today is that, Hindus have a natural right to rule in modern India as a form of long overdue retribution for the sins of the Mughal overlords.It is not enough that unified state with a Hindu majority, clearly dominant over a Mu slim minority now reduced to 12 percent, has been established at long last in the Indian sub-continent. The fulfillment of Indian nationalism requires an assertion of Hindu hegemony over the Muslims of the subcontinent in one form or the other. They also have been subjected to the interference in their religion. It usually takes the form of insulting attacks on Islam made in school textbooks, or in the press, desecration of mosques and shrines, or deliberate incitement of feelings of religious hatred against the Muslims. In most of the Hindu dominated Indian states Hindu religious beliefs, philosophy and methodology have been introduced into the text books in the name of Indian culture,.This is to an extent that a glance through the officially prescribed school textbooks leaves an impression that those responsible for them regard India (a supposedly multi religious country) as the home of Brahmans and attach value only to their deities, temples, religious customs and practices. Cou ntless incidents can be cited of the desecration of mosques by the Hindu communists during the last few decades. The 16th century historic Babri mosque was razed to ground by thousands of Hindu fanatics in Ayodhya, (UP) on 16th Dec 1992 and the immense loss of human lives that followed was no secret. Conclusion The Two Nation Theory is still alive.Had there been no Two Nation Theory today, the issues like Kargil, nuclear arms race, and tension on the borders would have never risen. The basic conflict between India and Pakistani nation is still the same. Indians believe in nationality based on territory and therefore want to merge Pakistan back into India. While Pakistanis have been fighting for the last 52 years, to safeguard the Land which they got in the name of Islam. The Kashmir issue, if alive even after 52 years, in spite of India’s utmost effort to crush the lovers of freedom, is crystal clear proof of the reality of the Two Nation Theory. It should be understood that the creation of Pakistan was not the result of an accident but – it had a meaning.The meaning of Pakistan was not to have a separate homeland for the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan to have a better living; it was not to have industries or nuclear capability. The significance of the creation of the fortress of Islam was to give the Muslims of the Sub-Continent in particular and the Muslims of the world in general an idea of brotherhood. A brotherhood based on irrespective of color or creed. Pakistan wanted to have Unity among the Muslims from Morocco to Indonesia and to create a sense of spiritual vision that could be left and understand beyond this materialistic world in which man is fighting with man. The Muslim brotherhood has disagreements and the world is dominated by imperial powers and destined according to their

buy custom Captivating Nursing Essay Examples on Public Health Nursing

buy custom Captivating Nursing Essay Examples on Public Health Nursing Nursing Essay Example on Development in the Field of Nursing Development in the Field of Nursing Health care spending consumes a significant proportion of the national budget. As a result, good management practices should be part of providing cost-effective care to the community. The nursing profession is effective in providing primary care to the community. Even though the practice dates to the 19th century, its significance emerged in the previous decade as a result of changing demographics and global environment. It compliments health care policies through comprehensive nursing assessment, monitoring progress and early intervention. Additionally, it facilitates referrals and social support services such as education to promote self-reliance among people at risk. It combines biophysical, psychological, social knowledge and experience to develop capacity in health care provision. Therefore, the role of public health nursing is changing from contemporary generalist services to specialized and advanced roles in dealing with shifts in demographics, sociological and cultural factor s that affect the health of the community.

The Impact of Trucker Driver Wellness Programs

The Impact of Trucker Driver Wellness Programs The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recently interviewed nearly 1,700 truckers about their health and work- and the results were shocking. 69% were obese. 54% smoked. And 88% reported at least one risk factor for chronic disease. Improving trucker wellness is a no-brainer for any long-haul fleet; it can help prevent high turnover rates, but also helps retain the most talented employees without having to lose them to disease or poor health.It’s never been easy to stay fit or healthy on the long-haul, but it’s no longer possible to ignore the impact on truckers’ health. Melton Truck Lines in Tulsa, OK, first rolled out an intervention program aimed at helping drivers who might be close to failing their physicals to lower their blood pressure and glucose levels. They hired a wellness manager, implemented a weight loss and voluntary lipid-panel testing program to guard against creeping cholesterol levels, and converted an employee smoking lounge into a gym. Melton’s Tulsa headquarters also added a landscaped walking and jogging trail, a fresh and healthy cafà ©, and a clinic providing no-cost primary medical care to employees.Getting drivers to participate in their own health is the cornerstone of the program. Melton even offers a â€Å"Health Concierge† service that helps employees sort through their health care costs and needs. There are various incentives and motivational programs, an online community, and even an app to keep employees motivated.While it’s hard to measure the success of these new initiatives on turnover rates, more drivers are passing their DOT physicals. And the number of employees who identified as having three medical risk factors dropped from 51% to 38% within one year. The number of employees reporting zero risk factors went up from 13% to 17% in that same year.Other companies have followed suit. Celadon Trucking launched their â€Å"Highway to Health† program in 2006, with similar screenings and incentives, as well as nutritional and exercise programs, and a full-service primary care medical clinic in their Indianapolis headquarters (as of 2011). And Schneider also has a Health and Wellness Manager to oversee their programs and focus on keeping individual truckers as healthy and productive as possible, which makes them safer on the road.We can only hope these trends begin to spread throughout the industry and become standard practice- for the benefit of everyone involved.The Impact of Truck Driver Wellness Programs

Five Police Convicted Of Murder in Thailand Research Paper

Five Police Convicted Of Murder in Thailand - Research Paper Example The police arrested the teenager mainly because of thieving a motorcycle. By hearing this news, the family members visited the police station and endeavoured to talk with Kiettisak. However, with this attempt, after certain days, the mutilated body of the teenager was found in the neighbouring province of the police station. In this particular situation, the family members of the teenager launched a campaign to investigate the above discussed matter with validated responses. It is worth mentioning in this regard that due to the initiative taken by the family members of the teenager in the form of launching campaign against the case, the court finally reached its verdict (Asian Human Rights Commission, 2012). The article provided valuable and relevant information about the justice system, which is currently prevailing in Thailand, can be gained. In this similar context, based on the article, it can be ascertained that the existing criminal justice system in Thailand represents the absence of jury system in the nation and the police are mainly overburdened with varied legal activities. This can be justified with reference to the article where the police officers were held responsible to investigate the matter, but the final verdict was viewed to be provided by the Criminal Court (Asian Human Rights Commission, 2012). Apart from this, it has been quite apparent from the article that it is quite possible to file any sort of criminal charge privately in Thailand, wherein cases are not essentially referred to a public prosecutor. This exactly happened in the case of murdering the teenager wherein his family members made deliberate efforts in filing the criminal case in the form of conducting campaigns to investigate the case and reach into a final verdict (Asian Human Rights Commission, 2012). Â  

FRESHFRUIT INC. CASE Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FRESHFRUIT INC. - Case Study Example r to achieve the setout objective include increasing or reducing promotion expenditure, reduction of the selling price, increasing advertising expenditure and increasing the selling price. Each of the various marketing tools has a direct effect on the gross profit earned in 2013 and market share that will be attained in 2013. Consequently, the management has to undertake a combination of two marketing tools among the various marketing tools level to achieve the 2013 objectives optimally. Owing to the gross profit levels the various marketing tools are able to generate for the organization, the management should consider focusing on undertaking a marketing combination that is capable of attaining the 39% gross profit level of sales revenue and market share of at least 14.2% or closer to that range. This is because any combination of the marketing tool will not be able to achieve a gross profit worth $1,200,000 and market share worth 15% through average computation. Owing to the diverse effect of each level of the various marketing tools available for the management of Fresh-Fruit Incorporation in achieving the setout goals, the optimal combination that should be considered is increase promotion expenditure by 10% and increase in selling price by 3%. This is because the combination of the two selected marketing tools has high potential of enabling the organization to attain results that are close to the operation objectives in 2013 financial year (Quiry & Vernimmen, 2011). An increase in promotion expenditure by 10% according to the simulation developed by the management of the corporation indicates that the firm will be able attain a market share of 14.47% and gross profit increment up to 35.22%. Similarly, an increase in selling price will see the gross profit percentage rising to 37.6% and market share of 14.81%. If the two marketing strategies are combined, they will achieve the highest positioning towards attaining the 2013 financial year compared to other

Neurosis as a Gendered Disease or a Female Disposition Essay

Neurosis as a Gendered Disease or a Female Disposition - Essay Example The text invites the readers to be its addressees by highlighting the oppressive conditions of married women through the case of a neurotic patient. It interpellates people to become addressees through using setting, symbolism, irony, and changes in language to help readers understand what it is like to be married, especially to a doctor. Projection pertains to how people see others based on how they view themselves. Gallop calls this as the â€Å"photographic negative of our image of the self† (15). The â€Å"controlling value† pertains to what the text seeks to tell the readers, readers who the author wants to â€Å"hold† so that they can â€Å"see eye to eye with the implied author† (Seitz 146). The â€Å"narrator† refers to the â€Å"implied author† with whom the readers are supposed to â€Å"connect† with (Seitz 141). The â€Å"addressee† pertains to the readers who the text wants to influence with its â€Å"controlling va lue.† The addressee is different from the â€Å"reader† who can participate in the â€Å"reading† of the text through â€Å"social engagement which consists of both reception and participation† (Seitz 143). Interpellation refers to how the text aims to engage and influence readers and turn them into â€Å"interested readers† who can â€Å"persuade themselves† that they also believe in the texts (Seitz 147). The â€Å"controlling value† of the text is to emphasize that married women get the worst deal; they become â€Å"women† under â€Å"men† and the protagonist of the text has the worse bargain because she is married to a male doctor, which means two patriarchal structures are combined to oppress her. The narrative works rhetorically by using a neurotic wifes conditions to underline the oppressive conditions of married women and the patriarchal structure of medicine.

Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks - Essay Example Back in the US, situations were totally different. The option to drink a cup of coffee that was prepared according to the customers’ preference was not available. The available options were fast-food restaurants or gourmet cafes which were not open in the early morning hours of the day. Schultz was influenced by these three factors; absence of coffee shops in the early morning hours or extended hours of the day, the inability of the shops to prepare coffee according to the choice of customers, and people’s interest in using cafes as places of public interaction. Thus, Schultz started his own Coffee bar that allowed customers to decide the nature of the coffee to be made. Thus, in 1986, Schultz opened his coffee bar in Seattle in the name ‘Il Giornale’ and on the first day, they served 300 customers and precisely according to his observation, most of the customers came in the morning hours. Soon, he acquired the Starbucks’ name and operation. Thus, it is evident that the success of Starbucks was largely dependent on its success in identifying the opportunity and bringing into practice what they have envisioned. 2. The five forces according to Porter’s Five-force model are: a) potential entry of new competitors, b) potential development of substitute products, c) bargaining power of suppliers, d) rivalry among competing firms, and e) bargaining power of consumers. When the first force is considered, the biggest threat comes from McDonalds’ McCafe as it is easy for McDonald to add coffee services to their existing retail services. As per reports, the income from McCafe is 15% higher than the income from a regular McDonald and presently, it is the largest in Australia and New Zealand. In addition, Starbucks has something to worry as it has not started providing canned or bottled coffee; and it is clear that one who wants to save time and money will certainly go for canned or bottled coffee instead of the Starbucks mug (Strategic Management PMS 3393). When the third point is considered, one has to accept that Starbucks is victimized to this situation very often. In 2001, Starbucks was forced to buy coffee bean at a higher price as the suppliers raised the price. However, prior agreements on price will help the company overcome this problem. In machines and technology, the company will have to go for the total ownership of supplies. However, rivalry among competing firms is the most important one. Currently, there are about 14,000 coffee outlets in the US and there are many restaurants and supermarkets where coffee is cheaper than that of Starbucks. Some other important competitors are Dunkin Donuts and Krispy Kreme followed by coffee brands like Tully’s and Pete’s Coffee. In addition, their non-coffee products are threatened by brands like Orange Julius and Jamba Juice (Starbucks: â€Å"The Non-Coffee Treat†). However, as far as Starbucks retains perfection and quality, these competitors will not raise any serious threat. The last point is the bargaining power of customers. It seems that customers bargain only when alternatives are available and hence, this will not create a threat to Starbucks. In addition, its huge popularity reduces the bargaining power of the public. In fact, the situation was totally different in the

The Simplicity and Complexity of Endangerment Essay

The Simplicity and Complexity of Endangerment - Essay Example For the past number of years, there has been a tremendous increase in the rate at which species have become extinct. What's actually more alarming than that is the fact that this rate increases exponentially over time. And when it continues, the stability of the entire ecosystem will be place at risk, especially when key species in the food chain will cease to exist. Today, most of the world's habitats are changing faster than most species can adapt to such changes through evolution, or natural selection. Despite endangerment being a universal concept, most people aren't really aware as to the ins and outs of this seemingly simple concept. Most important of all, everyone should be made more conscious with regard to this issue, as drastic changes will affect everyone else over time. Animals do not just get endangered and go into extinction. ... nt can be solved, if not minimized, is for people to take charge and be more active about protecting the environment where endangered species are found. The rarer an animal or plant is, the more money it can bring on the black market. Many smugglers are amateurs, such as tourists and travelers, who attempt to conceal endangered plants, reptiles, birds, and insects in their luggage. But most are seasoned professionals who use sophisticated techniques and well-organized routes to transport their illicit cargo. There are numerous causes of endangerment of certain species, but there are certain factors that are common to all species. a. Habitat Destruction The primary causes of species extinction or endangerment are habitat destruction. Such activities like plant collecting, trade in animal plants and hunting damage and caused pollution into an area, these direct habitat destruction can cause direct destruction to most species. Due to continuous changes of our planet, animals' habitats are also continuously being changed. There are certain natural changes that happen, often at a steady pace that affects individual species. But when these natural changes happen faster than they're supposed to, then these species don't have the time they need in order to adjust. For an instance, sea turtles are considered threatened because of benign tumors that put them in a serious global threat. They are appeared to have an increasing frequency on the head and internal organs of sea turtles and can literally smother the animals to death. According to Jacobson, the scientist "Sea turtle tumors are one of the few diseases in any animals that have appear ed worldwide this could signal major changes in the earth's aquatic environment." As a consequence, this has become one of the most common

Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks - Essay Example Back in the US, situations were totally different. The option to drink a cup of coffee that was prepared according to the customers’ preference was not available. The available options were fast-food restaurants or gourmet cafes which were not open in the early morning hours of the day. Schultz was influenced by these three factors; absence of coffee shops in the early morning hours or extended hours of the day, the inability of the shops to prepare coffee according to the choice of customers, and people’s interest in using cafes as places of public interaction. Thus, Schultz started his own Coffee bar that allowed customers to decide the nature of the coffee to be made. Thus, in 1986, Schultz opened his coffee bar in Seattle in the name ‘Il Giornale’ and on the first day, they served 300 customers and precisely according to his observation, most of the customers came in the morning hours. Soon, he acquired the Starbucks’ name and operation. Thus, it is evident that the success of Starbucks was largely dependent on its success in identifying the opportunity and bringing into practice what they have envisioned. 2. The five forces according to Porter’s Five-force model are: a) potential entry of new competitors, b) potential development of substitute products, c) bargaining power of suppliers, d) rivalry among competing firms, and e) bargaining power of consumers. When the first force is considered, the biggest threat comes from McDonalds’ McCafe as it is easy for McDonald to add coffee services to their existing retail services. As per reports, the income from McCafe is 15% higher than the income from a regular McDonald and presently, it is the largest in Australia and New Zealand. In addition, Starbucks has something to worry as it has not started providing canned or bottled coffee; and it is clear that one who wants to save time and money will certainly go for canned or bottled coffee instead of the Starbucks mug (Strategic Management PMS 3393). When the third point is considered, one has to accept that Starbucks is victimized to this situation very often. In 2001, Starbucks was forced to buy coffee bean at a higher price as the suppliers raised the price. However, prior agreements on price will help the company overcome this problem. In machines and technology, the company will have to go for the total ownership of supplies. However, rivalry among competing firms is the most important one. Currently, there are about 14,000 coffee outlets in the US and there are many restaurants and supermarkets where coffee is cheaper than that of Starbucks. Some other important competitors are Dunkin Donuts and Krispy Kreme followed by coffee brands like Tully’s and Pete’s Coffee. In addition, their non-coffee products are threatened by brands like Orange Julius and Jamba Juice (Starbucks: â€Å"The Non-Coffee Treat†). However, as far as Starbucks retains perfection and quality, these competitors will not raise any serious threat. The last point is the bargaining power of customers. It seems that customers bargain only when alternatives are available and hence, this will not create a threat to Starbucks. In addition, its huge popularity reduces the bargaining power of the public. In fact, the situation was totally different in the

Compare and contrast the different respects in which Freemen were Essay

Compare and contrast the different respects in which Freemen were treated during Reconstruction by the Cherokee Nation and how t - Essay Example Following an establishment of a working treaty with the United States of America, these individuals gained Cherokee citizenship in 1866. Numerous rights of the freedmen remained limited with some being available only to Cherokees and not freedmen Cherokees. During the reconstruction of the Cherokee nation, freedmen were only granted citizenship into the Cherokee nation. Numerous human rights, however, were not granted to the freedmen Cherokees following citizenship. Controversies continued through the 20th century concerning the rights granted to freedmen Cherokees. These individuals felt they were being accorded second grade citizenship with limited rights. Though the Cherokee citizenship offered freedmen with citizenship based on possession of Cherokee blood, amendments into the constitution later involved acceptance based on historical presence. The Cherokee nation presented controversial regulation regarding citizenship of freedmen Cherokees. This controversy continues to yield c ontinuous court battle as freedmen seek acceptance into the citizenship of Cherokee nation. Various Cherokee constitutional laws declare that qualification to Cherokee citizenship should be based on having Cherokee blood relationships and not merely historical presence within the Cherokee nation. ... Within the context of Cherokee nation, however, separation of these parameters remains difficult. The integration of the Cherokee nation as part of the United States of America brought significant impact and clarification of the pending citizenship issues. Freedmen Cherokees continued to be accorded limited right by the Cherokee nation. These included limitation into intermarriages with native Cherokees; hence freedmen Cherokees could not intermarry with native Cherokees according to the Cherokees’ regulations. This mainly remained so because these freedmen continued to be viewed as slaves of the Cherokees. There exists an unwritten slavery law where masters cannot intermarry with slaves. This theoretical believe continued to be commonly practiced within the Cherokee nation. The freedmen were also accorded second-class citizenship, with limited rights, like those of intermarriages. Adaptation into the constitution of the United States of America included access to various righ ts, previously unavailable. These included the right for freedmen Cherokees to vote and elect leaders. Though the united states governments seeks to empower the freedmen Cherokees through giving them human right accorded to other marginalized communities, controversy continues to cloud the issues of freedmen Cherokees. These individuals were offered citizenship into Cherokee nation before integration into the United States of America. The standing order, therefore, remains that they are still bound by the regulations which gave them Cherokee citizenship. These people, therefore, completely remain bound by the constitution of the Cherokee nation whose authority

Attitude Towards Women Essay Example for Free

Attitude Towards Women Essay One of the most prominent themes in the Canterbury Tales is the attitudes of the pilgrims towards women. There are two distinct sides in the dispute: that women are simply objects of lust that must never be trusted, and that women are highly respectable and loving. The Shipmans Tale starts off this debate with his depiction of women, which was less than favorable. The woman who is depicted in this tale is the wife of a merchant. She is not treated well by her husband, but certainly is not trustworthy or honorable herself. She sells her body to the best friend of her husband for a measly 100 francs. Her faithfulness to her husband was worth only a few extravagant garments for her to wear. It is her greed for these material goods that drives her into cuckolding her unsuspecting husband. Her worldly desires are more important than her marriage, and in the end she is hardly punished at all. She does manage to keep her husband from finding out, by saying that the Monk was simply repaying his debt and she used the money to buy some clothes. So, she gets away with a crime that would have dealt her a far greater punishment. This outcome, while it certainly wasnt perfect for the wife, was much less than she deserved (Rossignol). The Prioress steps in with the next tale, and takes a much different view. The Prioress herself is a very humble and well-mannered woman, as she is described in the General Prologue. She is also extremely compassionate towards all of Gods creatures. Her tale is a tribute to the greatest woman of all, the Virgin Mary. While it is a tribute to the Virgin, the focus of the story is more on the little boy and his widowed mother. The mother is greatly distressed at her sons disappearance, and is eventually led by Jesus himself to the place where her son has been tossed. The idea that Jesus himself was consorting with this woman and answering her prayers makes a strong statement. Jesus certainly would not aid an evil person, so this widow must have been virtuous and humble (Rossignol). And upon her finding of the little boy, the miracle of the Virgin Mary is presented. The boy, who had praised her and loved her throughout his short life, now sang because of the grain placed on his tongue by Mary herself. The story praises a woman who is unmatched in virtue by any mortal man, and shows a widowed mother to be humble and virtuous herself. Certainly a different view than was displayed in the Shipmans Tale. The tales of Chaucer himself followed the Prioress Tale. The first of which, the Tale of Sir Thopas, didnt take as strong stance on any attitude towards women as did the two tales that preceded it. It did, however, portray women to be objects of lust and affection which could put a man in grave danger. This is what the reader might expect from Chaucer, since he does place himself among some of the other rascals of the group in the General Prologue. The other rascals (the Reeve and Miller especially) had already told stories that depicted women as objects of male desire. Sir Thopas, the knight, left his hometown of Flanders because he had become bored with the local maidens. On his adventure, he dreamt of a beautiful Elf Queen, with whom he fell desperately in love (Ruud). He searched the forest in search of her, and vowed to never stop until her found her. When he met the three-headed giant who stood in his way, he went back home to prepare to fight. He was ready to risk his life to gain the love of the Elf Queen. The Elf Queen in this story is an object of lust and desire, much like the merchants wife in the Shipmans Tale. Since the story is cut short, though, the reader never gets a chance to see what this Queen is really like. All that is seen is that she has captured the heart of this young and noble knight, which has him risking his life in search of her. After Chaucers first sorry tale is cut short, he moves on to the Tale of Melibee. In this story some different attitudes towards woman are actually discussed verbally amongst the characters. Melibee talks of how all women are evil and none are good. But, his wife Prudence responds to that by saying that Jesus would never have been born to an evil woman, nor would he have appeared to a woman afte r his resurrection. So, not all women could be evil. This point is accepted by Melibee, as her point has been clearly made. Also, she points out women who have saved the lives of their husbands and who were truthful to them. As this argument continues, Prudence continues to sway Melibee to accept her argument. She does this with good intentions as well. She does not want her husband to go to war with these enemies of his which certainly could put them all in danger. By the end of the story, she has convinced him so thoroughly that he ignores the advice of his counsel, and follows her advice almost to the letter (Ruud). He does, however, give his enemies a bit of a verbal chiding against her wishes. It is quite possible that he did this simply to maintain himself as the sovereign lord of his estate, and to show Prudence that she has not gained complete mastery over him. This story takes an opposite approach towards women than Chaucer did in the Tale of Sir Thopas. But, since Chaucer does portray himself in the tales as a dunce, it is possible that this character is simply to doltish to make up his mind and take a solid stance on the issue. The Nuns Priest has the final say in the matter. The Priest is traveling with the Prioress, so before reading this tale one might think that he will be afraid to offend her. This story deals extensively on this issue, and has to main points which reveal the Priests attitude towards women. Chauntecleer quotes a Latin phrase that he says means that women are the bliss of men. However, the phrase actually said that women are mens ruin. So why did Chauntecleer lie to Pertelote when he told her this false translation? Well, quite possibly because he didnt want to upset her any further, and because he was about to spend the whole morning having sex with her. If he had upset her further, she may have turned him away. Chauntecleer also began to compliment her looks along with changing the meaning of the Latin phrase because he loved her and he wanted to make love to her. So, this is in fact showing that women are the bliss of men, since Chauntecleer is going out of his way to please Pertelote (Scala). By afternoon of the same day, the story takes quite a turn. Pertelote had criticized Chauntecleer for being so cowardly after his dream, and he flew down from his safe perch because of her insults. Because of this, his vision soon came true, and he was captured by the fox. If it had not been for Pertelote berating him because of his cowardice, he would have stayed in his perch in safety. Now, the true meaning of the Latin phrase is also shown as true, as Pertelote has caused the ruin of the great Chauntecleer. There is one substantial difference in this story, however. When Chauntecleer is taken away by the fox, Pertelote shrieks and is quite distressed, as the story emphasizes. She expresses genuine concern for Chauntecleer, unlike the wife in the Shipmans Tale and Dalilah in the Monks Tale. So, the Nuns Priests point on the matter is quite simple. Women are the bliss of men, but, whether intentionally or not, also bring about the ruin of the men they love. Works Cited Rossignol, Rosalyn. The Shipmans Tale. Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007.Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. Rossignol, Rosalyn. The Prioress Tale. Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007.Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. Scala, Elizabeth, and Michelle M. Sauer.The Nuns Priests Tale. In Sauer, Michelle M. The Facts On File Companion to British Poetry before 1600. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. Ruud, Jay. The Tale of Sir Thopas. Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web.

Meetings Incentives Conferences And Exhibitions In The Uk Tourism Essay

Meetings Incentives Conferences And Exhibitions In The Uk Tourism Essay Conference organizing nowadays is not an easy task especially when taking steps to enforce security and risk management measures (Bowdin et al, 2006). Conferences that observe good health status, low risks and high security measures are the most probable places to get high number of clients. Some centers provide tourism sectors, sports and other leisure activities to its clients and all this services have to be maintained so as to attract a good number of clients (Davidson and Rogers, 2006, pp 48). The MICE sector is an organization that is based in the United Kingdom and is geared to generate large capital in the economy. Tourism in the UK is an important sector that boosts its activities and so this calls for large amounts of capital to maintain the facilities. The tourism sector in the UK includes a lot of business travels which entails activities such as attending conferences, incentive travels, trade fairs and exhibitions and also individual preference for leisure travels (Golden, 2007, pp 18). According to Rogers (2008, pp 255), the top ten conference destinations and conference business within the UK includes London, York, Glasgow, Cardiff, Newcastle, Harrogate, Edinburgh, Bournemouth, Briton Hove and lastly Perthshire. Among the top conference centers in the UK, London hosts the most number of meetings and is the top most in performance compared to the other destinations (Lawson, 2000, pp 156). Davidson and Rogers (2006, pp 50), reviewed some of the reasons as to why London is at the top in hosting MICE events. He discovered that London is centrally placed in the country and it has an easy access to travel by air and this gives the travelers an easy time when moving about. It also hosts a good number of finance sectors, banking industry, culture and arts and lastly it provides headquarters of many international companies. Apart from the following advantages, Golden (2007, pp 18), has observed that London is loosing a lot of valuable tourists because it has been overpopu lated with no space for further expansion services. The MICE sector faces a lot of challenges in the industry including the need to improve facilities that are used in collecting data in the sector. MICE have decided to improve its facilities by involving the government in providing it with capital. The support extends to training staffs working in the sector, improving the infrastructural facilities and finally conducting enough researches on its destinations centers so as to maximize the opportunities available in this center (Jago et al, 2003, pp 12). One of the conference centers that is under the MICE sector is Arena and Convention Center Liverpool (ACC Liverpool). It is situated in river Mersey and it is one of the largest and top class convention centers in the United Kingdom. It is combined in a single venue but has multifunctional sectors in it (Jones, 2005, pp 242). The venue has a committed staff that ensures it meets the daily needs of its monthly and daily clients. According to (Jones, 2005, pp 245), the ACC Liverpool convention has environmentally friendly measures implemented, in that it releases less toxic substances in the air such as carbon dioxide and it also uses less electricity costs compared to the other centers in the United Kingdom. It is a centre that hosts many Europes exhibitions, arts and culture shows, conferences and also lives performances by prominent persons. This gives it a credit when competing with the other centers that are located in United Kingdom. Its continuous growth is focused on using more mitigation measures such as recycling its waste materials, conducting a waste management trainings for its immediate staffs in the surrounding and concentrating on utilizing energy efficient services (Jones, 2005, pp 187). Carlsen, et al (2000, pp 245), stated that the ACC Liverpool center has collaborated with a nearby power station to aid it in attaining the above management measures. The power station (Widness power station, PDM) receives the food wastes from ACC Liverpool and converts it into a homogenous puree which is then injected in boilers. The boilers then create a steam that is used to turn the turbines thereby generating electricity from it. Hilier (2000, pp 440), also noted that the wastes from the exhibitions and conferences are sorted and recycled into a re-use state when they are taken to the Orchid environmental. Apart from the above measures that aid ACC Liverpool, it is also observed that it has two main parts that are used for live performances. The BT convention center and Echo arena hosted over 450 live events including the Davis cup and other concerts which saw its growth and development (Carlen and Taylor, 2003, pp 18). The parts have very supportive teams that makes sure that the venues are kept clean and in a world class state so as to attract even prominent individuals for their leisure tours and travel. They also contribute a good percentage in the landfill project to aid in environment conservation. ACC Liverpool also has an advantage over the other centers in that it is centrally located in the country and has an easy access from the European airport. The center has decided to maximize the potentials arrived at by its location and accessibility to Europeans that come in and out of the country. It has also enacted a prestigious communication system called MCI which oversees organization of all events and communications within the center. The constant increase of international services to the United Kingdom has made the ACC Liverpool to be on toes for better services and involvement in the renowned business forums for international travel and meeting industry, EIBTM, 2009. It has maintained an up to date technology services to ensure that it increases it familiarity within the city as a destination of United Kingdom. It has established links with the research and innovative world by hosting homes to top world class universities, cancer and other infections research centers and finally science parks that keep up with the present technology. In the competition market, ACC Liverpool has gained a lot of popularity among the destinations of United Kingdom comparing itself to other conferences held in America, Australia and Canada. Golden (2007, pp 150), reports that it is said that it will host for the first time, international society for the scholarships of teaching and learning (ISSOTL) which is a large conference event that have been held in other international centers for the past years. Being the first time for United Kingdom hosting such a big event in its working years, it has made super preparations in the BT convention so that the event will be at its best and in the same time taking the economy at a higher level in the economy. The management team has made efforts to increase the services it offers to its clients thereby looking forward to be top most destination in United Kingdom. According to Jago et al (2003, pp 12), the management has also ensured that it safeguards its clients by thoroughly maintaining health and security services at the right time. It has also enacted a better communication system that is client sensitive including providing earpieces designed to give total comfort to the crowd in conferences. It has enhanced its audio clarity in that speech can be audible and clear to the audiences attending the conferences. Liverpool has the largest number of buildings which are notably said to be important than even the cities like London in the United Kingdom. Its ware front area is in a prestigious location because it places it near famous world sites such as the Great Wall of China, Taj Mahal and Stonehenge. It is also hosts the famous football club , Liverpool FC, apart from other sporting activities which includes golf courses and horse racing at Haydock park (Golden (2007, pp 19). The transportation sector is well defined and it includes the air transport, road and rail transport. It has accessible road transport and a very fast rail transport which are easily available to the clients who want to travel through the region. Jones (2005, pp 242), notably stated that Liverpool has incorporated other international agencies in its operations which are responsible I conducting researches on matters such as radioactive waste management and environmental mitigation measures. The international atomic energy agency has been supporting Liverpool preparing technical programs, presentation and promotion of the conference to other member countries in the world and finally providing financial assistance when they in a crisis. Liverpool has incorporated the system of incentive travel to its clients which is, defined by Golden (2007, pp 18), a tool that is used to motivate participants to continue increasing support to accomplishing an organizational goal or statement mission. Carlen and Taylor (2003, pp 18), further noticed that the figure obtained from the above system was used by the conference center to calculate the impact it had on its immediate environment as a destination center. The management was in a position to calculate the total amount that was invested in the conference centers and also calculate the number of employments it created in each city where the conference centers were located. Some of the negative impacts a convention has on its destination include diverse effects on the environment through emitting harmful carbon dioxide in the air, depositing high level of wastes from exhibitions and food just alongside the conferences creating an unhealthy environment to the clients. Another impact created on the environment includes loud noise from the aircrafts which pollutes the environment by noise pollution or depleting the ozone layer thereby threatening the lives of those living and working along those areas (Jones, 2005, pp 245) All the above impacts have been looked unto by the management of Liverpool and safer steps taken to ensure that the environment is conducive. They have developed use of quieter aircrafts to reduce noise pollution, enrolled themselves in the international hotel environment initiatives, have adopted waste management and recycling strategies to ensure that all wastes are taken care of and do not have an effect on the clients. They have also initiated the use of more energy efficient systems, the use of better and advanced technological services such as use of emails and electronic use to reduce the waste of exhibition papers. The conventions also affect the society and community socially when the conferences are held in town and there is need for security to the clients. This will mean that the local residents near the conventions will not be in a position to move about freely as some of the areas will be branded as a no go zone for them. According to Golden (2007, pp 18), such impacts may also reduce business activities in the area including lack of shopping activities and carrying out of trade within the area vicinity. Such impacts in the community are not usually paid attention to by those in the management because they view such conferences in terms of economic contribution to the area in which the conference is being held from. Those living there also benefit from such conventions when they get employed to work in the organization thus improving their living standards. Conclusion Carlen and Taylor (2003, pp 19), observed that Liverpool took the initiative to promote a positive influence to those living within the vicinity of the company. It has led to improvement of living standards to the residents there by creating job opportunities that enables them to appreciate their services in the area. It also supports its staff members by incorporating them in making the organizational decision so that their needs can also be catered for besides the needs of the clients. The need to create a good decision when selecting a location of a conference center as a destination has led to Liverpool working alongside the marketing organizations which conducts researches on it to asses an area that generate an increased conference business. It has also taken initiatives in using marketing strategies and principles with the aim of fulfilling the customers needs. All these measures are undertaken by ACC Liverpool to ensure its business flourishes in the world as it competes with other destinations in United Kingdom.