Critique Sample Size and Personal Message - 2229 Words

Research Critique 1 Running head: RESEARCH CRITIQUE Research Critique of The Influence of Personal Message with Music on Anxiety and Side Effects Associated with Chemotherapy Jennifer Robey BSN Duke University N 307 Spring 2005 Research Critique 2 Research Critique of The Influence of Personal Message with Music on Anxiety and Side Effects Associated with Chemotherapy Introduction The introduction of this article does give you a sense of the importance of the problem area. The area being talked about in this article is how fear and anxiety can negatively impact a patient receiving chemotherapy. The authors then go on to say that relaxation techniques can be used to decrease a patient’s anxiety†¦show more content†¦The reference list itself was small and some of the articles were dated. This particular study was published in 1996 and three of the references used were from the years 1981 through 1983. Reference two on the list was not used in the literature search, even though the primary focus of this reference was in the critical care arena it would have been nice to see how those authors used the techniques. The dependent variables in this study are anxiety level and chemotherapy side effects. These variables are not explained in the literature search as to how they are defined. The independent variables are the use of music and a personalized message from the physician during chemotherapy. Like the dependent variables there is no explanation as to how these are defined. Research Critique 5 There is no clear hypothesis stated in the literature review section of the paper, however there are two hypotheses listed after the methodology section. It would have been easier to read about the hypotheses before the methods were given, so that the reader could understand why the methods were being done the w ay they were. The first hypothesis is: â€Å"The intervention of music and a message from the physician will strengthen the flexible lines of defense of a patient receiving chemotherapy, as evidenced by a decrease in anxiety over time.† (Sabo Michael, 1996) The secondShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Excellent Mental Health Nurse?1564 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment, these students have chosen the article, â€Å"What makes a excellent mental health nurse? A pragmatic inquiry initiated and conducted by people with lived experience of service use† (2013). For this written critique we have decided to use Polit and Beck’s (2010), ‘Guide to an overall critique of a qualitative research report’ that was presented within the resource, ‘Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice’. This guide was chosen due to our familiarities with thisRead MoreEffects Of Negative Tweets During The 2011-2012 Primary Elections1516 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative towards the frontrunner’s charter versus stances on issues if candidates felt the same way on an issue. These assumptions raised many questions to research as well. Moody, Cohen, and Fournon (2013) raised the first question of â€Å"What types of messages did candidates disseminate utilizing tweets during the 2011-12 Presidential Primaries† (p. 3). The next question brought up by Moody, Cohen, and Fournon (2013) was, â€Å"Were runner-up candidates more likely than front-runners to include a negative toneRead MoreA Research Article Written By Richard Hartshorne And Jennifer Baucom1188 Words   |  5 Pagesor overcome such barriers with the different stakeholders in mind. The revealed that such barriers are a result in differences in the international students’ home culture and the new or host culture, the differences in learning environments, and personal uniqueness or the â€Å"self.† Nevertheless, there are also similarities among these four factors. The authors noted that the similarities can be improved and the barriers can be minimized if some initiatives a re to be taken. The authors were able toRead MoreAcademic Writing Analysis Example969 Words   |  4 Pagesaudience (i.e. tutor) against human cloning and expresses the author’s lack of competency in presenting his arguments. Based on the channel chosen to convey his message, the essay is, to a large extent, an ineffective piece of academic writing upon evaluation of its content, language and organization of arguments. This essay critique analyses and evaluates the above points. One of the essay problems includes the poorly developed thesis statement at the end of the 1st paragraph. The thesisRead MoreFinding Ways For English As A Second Language ( Esl ) Learners Essay2595 Words   |  11 Pagesapproach utilized by the researchers was largely a qualitative case study. Through the use of the electronic discussion board messages, researchers searched for links between the messages and the students’ communication proficiency. The study last seven weeks. The first week was an introduction to the technology and procedures needed for the students to use the message boards. Three activities followed that each lasted two weeks. For the first activity, the students created a club in small groupsRead MoreResearch Report3171 Words   |  13 Pages1. Uncertainty Avoidance 2. Power Distance 3. Masculinity vs. Femininity 4. Individualism vs. Collectivism 5. Short Term vs. Long Term Some strengths of the model included a large sample size, indexes for all nations and easily formulated hypotheses. Alternatively, some limitations were an alleged sample misrepresentation, not adequately analysing people on an individual level and a time lapse since dimension formulation. Major issues from the negotiations were then further investigatedRead MoreThe Communication Theory Of Uncertainty Reduction Theory3089 Words   |  13 Pageswill come with dealing with uncertainty jitters. This research looks at the different critiques by communication scholars on the communication theory of Uncertainty Reduction Theory. Uncertainty Reduction Theory is a communication theory that came about through the research of Charles Berger from the post-positivist tradition. Charles Berger through Uncertainty Reduction Theory proposes that the beginnings of personal relationships are filled with uncertainties. Berger suggests that anticipation ofRead MoreEssay on Research In Clinical Practise8128 Words   |  33 Pagesidentify the strengths and weaknesses within a piece of research and should be carried out in a systematic manner (Eachus, 2003). Polit and Hungler (1997) assert that a good critique objectively identifies areas of adequacy and inadequacy, virtues as well as faults. They go on to say that, a critique of research should reflect a thoughtful, objective and balanced consideration of the study’s validity and significance. They concur with Eachus (2003) that the process of scanningRead MoreThe Emergence Of Internet Based Technology1941 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom when they are considering the brand and product, then continuing to post-purchase behaviour that determine brand ratings, customers preference and potential advocacy to influence other customers. Therefore, it is necessary for businesses in any sizes to engage with customers through the use of social media in twenty first century as well as strategically build and invest on IMC. For instance, the company likes Procter Gamble (PG) and General Electric (GE) thoroughly crafted their communicationsRead MoreEvidence Based Proposal- Hourly Rounding2837 Words   |  12 Pagesand answering questions. †¢ Assess the environment. Is the environment safe and free of clutter? Is the pathway clear to the bathroom? Are all personal belongings within reach? Is the call bell accessible? †¢ Make sure to communicate with the patient to see if there is anything else you can do for them before you leave the room. Convey the message to patients that you have time for them and their needs. Respect patients and their needs. †¢ Inform the patient when you are planning to return.

How Many Times Do Sheep Need to Be Domesticated

Sheep (Ovis aries) were probably domesticated at least three separate times in the Fertile Crescent (western Iran and Turkey, and all of Syria and Iraq). This occurred approximately 10,500 years ago  and involved at least three different subspecies of the wild mouflon (Ovis gmelini). Sheep were the first meat animals domesticated; and they were among the species translocated to Cyprus by 10,000 years ago, as were goats, cattle, pigs, and cats. Since domestication, sheep have become essential parts of farms across the world, in part because of their ability to adapt to local environments. Mitochondrial analysis of 32 different breeds was reported by Lv and colleagues. They showed that many of the characteristics in sheep breeds such as tolerance to temperature variations may be responses to climatic differences, such as day length, seasonality, UV and solar radiation, precipitation, and humidity. Sheep Domestication Some evidence suggests that overhunting of wild sheep may have contributed to the domestication process; there are indications that the wild sheep population decreased sharply in western Asia around 10,000 years ago. Although some have argued for a commensal relationship, a more likely pathway may have been the management of a disappearing resource. Larson and Fuller have outlined a process whereby the animal/human relationship shifts from wild prey to game management, to herd management and then to directed breeding. This didnt happen because baby mouflons  were adorable but because hunters needed to manage a vanishing resource. Sheep, course, were not simply bred for meat, but also provided milk and milk products, hide for leather, and later, wool. Morphological changes in sheep that are recognized as signs of domestication include a reduction in body size, female sheep lacking horns, and demographic profiles that include large percentages of young animals. History and DNA Prior to DNA and mtDNA studies, several different species (urial, mouflon, argali) were hypothesized as the ancestor of modern sheep and goats, because the bones look a lot alike. That has not turned out to be the case: goats are descended from ibexes; sheep from mouflons. Parallel DNA and mtDNA studies of European, African and Asian domestic sheep have identified three major and distinct lineages. These lineages are called Type A or Asian, Type B or European, and Type C, which has been identified in modern sheep from Turkey and China. All three types are believed to have been descended from different wild ancestor species of mouflon (Ovis gmelini spp), someplace in the Fertile Crescent. A Bronze Age sheep in China was found to belong to Type B  and is thought to have been introduced into China perhaps as early as 5000 BC. African Sheep Domestic sheep probably entered Africa in several waves through northeastern Africa and the Horn of Africa, the earliest beginning about 7000  BP. Four types of sheep are known in Africa today: thin-tailed with hair, thin-tailed with wool, fat-tailed and fat-rumped. North Africa has a wild form of sheep, the wild Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), but they dont appear to have been domesticated or made up part of any domesticated variety today. The earliest evidence of domestic sheep in Africa is from Nabta Playa, beginning about 7700 BP; sheep are illustrated on Early Dynastic and Middle Kingdom murals dated about 4500 BP. Considerable recent scholarship has been focused on the history of sheep in southern Africa. Sheep first appears in the archaeological record of southern Africa by ca. 2270 RCYBP and examples of fat-tailed sheep are found on un-dated rock art in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Several  lineages of domestic sheep are found in modern herds in South Africa today, all sharing a common material ancestry,  probably from O. Orientalis, and may represent a single domestication event. Chinese Sheep The earliest record of sheep in China dates is sporadic fragments of teeth and bones at a few Neolithic sites such as Banpo (in Xian), Beishouling (Shaanxi province), Shizhaocun (Gansu province), and Hetaozhuange (Qinghai province). The fragments are not intact enough to be identified as domestic or wild. Two theories are that either domestic sheep were imported from western Asia into Gansu/Qinghai between 5600 and 4000 years ago, or independently domesticated from argali (Ovis ammon) or urial (Ovis vignei) about 8000-7000 years bp. Direct dates on sheep bone fragments from Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Shaanxi provinces range between 4700 to 4400 cal BC, and stable isotope analysis of the remaining bone collagen indicated that the sheep likely consumed millet (Panicum miliaceum or Setaria italica). This evidence suggests to Dodson and colleagues that the sheep were domesticated. The set of dates are the earliest confirmed dates for sheep in China. Sheep Sites Archaeological sites with early evidence for sheep domestication include: Iran: Ali Kosh, Tepe Sarab, Ganj DarehIraq: Shanidar, Zawi Chemi Shanidar, JarmoTurkey: Çayà ´nu, Asikli Hoyuk, Çatalhà ¶yà ¼kChina: Dashanqian, BanpoAfrica: Nabta Playa (Egypt), Haua Fteah (Libya), Leopard Cave (Namibia) Sources Cai D, Tang Z, Yu H, Han L, Ren X, Zhao X, Zhu H, and Zhou H. 2011. Early. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(4):896-902. history of Chinese domestic sheep indicated by ancient DNA analysis of Bronze Age individualsCiani E, Crepaldi P, Nicoloso L, Lasagna E, Sarti FM, Moioli B, Napolitano F, Carta A, Usai G, DAndrea M et al. 2014. Genome-wide analysis of Italian sheep diversity reveals a strong geographic pattern and cryptic relationships between breeds. Animal Genetics 45(2):256-266.Dodson J, Dodson E, Banati R, Li X, Atahan P, Hu S, Middleton RJ, Zhou X, and Nan S. 2014. Oldest Directly Dated Remains of Sheep in China. Scientific Reports 4:7170.Horsburgh KA, and Rhines A. 2010. Genetic characterization of an archaeological sheep assemblage from South Africa’s Western Cape. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(11):2906-2910.Larson G, and Fuller DQ. 2014. The Evolution of Animal Domestication. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 45(1):115-136.Lv F-H, Agha S, Kantanen J, Colli L, Stucki S, Kijas JW, Joost S, Li M-H, and Ajmone Marsan P. 2014. Adaptations to Climate-Mediated Selective Pressures in Sheep. Molecular Biology and Evolution  31(12):3324-3343.Muigai AWT, and Hanotte O. 2013. The Origin of African Sheep: Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives. African Archaeological Review 30(1):39-50.Pleurdeau D, Imalwa E, Dà ©troit F, Lesur J, Veldman A, Bahain J-J, and Marais E. 2012. â€Å"Of Sheep and Men†: Earliest Direct Evidence of Caprine Domestication in Southern Africa at Leopard Cave (Erongo, Namibia). PLoS ONE 7(7):e40340.Resende A, Gonà §alves J, Muigai AWT, and Pereira F. 2016. Mitochondrial DNA variation of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in Kenya. Animal Genetics 47(3):377-381.Stiner MC, Buitenhuis H, Duru G, Kuhn SL, Mentzer SM, Munro ND, Pà ¶llath N, Quade J, Tsartsidou G, and Ãâ€"zbasaran M. 2014. A forager–herder trade-off, from broad-spectrum hunting to sheep management at Asikli Hà ¶yà ¼k, Turkey. Proce edings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(23):8404-8409.

Facebook and Personal Morality Essay - 1439 Words

Social Networking in a more analytical context is defined as a community of network members which are technically called Nodes. Nodes most commonly differentiate as persons or organisations; if a singular unit can be connected this can be identified as a node. The connections of nodes are usually made based on relations of common interest. Network analysts study the pattern of attraction towards masses of nodes that are connected and this is the structure of how a social network is formed (Scott, Carrington 2011, pp. 11-12). There are many different types of social networking sites available; the most popular in today’s society are Facebook and Twitter which are rapidly attracting multitudes of visitors every month. Facebook allows†¦show more content†¦This has reconstructed the essence of a real interactive relationship and produced a generation gap due to moral beliefs and the over development of technology (Wittkower 2010, pp. 123-134) For example when the advancement of technology flourished throughout the younger generation’s era, this consequently familiarized them from an early and adaptive age. However the older generation’s knowledge was produced from a limited source of technology when they were growing up, as a result this absence of balance may have differentiated their perceptions and abilities for the use of social networking sites.(Lauzon, 2011). When defining the difference, the older adults appear to have a more traditional sense of communication close to their hearts, their morale has more depth, demonstrating fulfilment from family orientated values and religious beliefs. When you compare both generations, young adults appear to undertake superficial principles, their interest in face to face contact and religious values appear to be slowly diminishing (Salamn 2009, pp. 1-3). Research has also shown that the older adults may lack confidence when using technology which may influence the ir ability to participate in these virtual communities. Yet this may be partly resolved as more senior-friendly social networking sites become available. The development of these sites will have to be mindful of a simplisticShow MoreRelatedNature of Man- Great Gatsby Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesis the fact that Tom will not let Daisy do anything to benefit herself, rather, uses the money for his use only. By using greed throughout life, one is unable to learn how to do things for themselves. Having greed is even shown today in society. Facebook is among many of the companies who use IPO (initial public offering) to make their profit larger, thus, being greedy by gaining money off of the public. There was greed: executives and insiders made the IPO primarily a way to enrich their own fortunesRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Using Facebook As A Means For Hiring Decisions1612 Words   |  7 PagesYufei Xiao Professional Responsibility and Leadership Section 2 Dr. Kenneth S. Bigel Ethical Dilemma In Using Facebook As A Means For Hiring Decisions Introduction/Background As employers increasingly turn to the Internet for additional information on prospective employees, the ethical implications behind such practice become more relevant and far reaching. Yet in ethically examining the advantages and disadvantages of using social media information to make decisions for Shaw, the result could beRead MoreThe American Culture And Values847 Words   |  4 Pagesis broadcast in synchronous to an audience discriminant only by which of the four major networks they choose to view is the portrayal of television afforded by the characters aimed to garner the most sympathy in Network. The voices of reason and morality in the film, older folks seen as untainted by television and corporate greed condemn television for replacing genuine human interaction with hollow facades of conformity and pre-scripted emotions. While concerns over lacking human connection andRead MoreViolations Of Personal Data On Social Networks1456 Words   |  6 PagesViolations of Personal D ata on Social Networks The Causes of Personal Data Stolen on Social Networks Social network sites contain specifically precious information. This data inevitably relates personal information of its users, which shows particular details of their life. According to Obole, Cruz, Welsh (2015), using social networking sites have resulted in concerning issues relating to privacy, for instance, manipulate voters, track users or disclose user’s location. Indeed, business sectorRead MoreJob Opportunity At A Local Summer Camp Or Afterschool Program922 Words   |  4 Pagesthan the typical school setting, there is often an educational aspect included in the program. As a result, teachers can be considered a valuable addition to the environment. However, because this is a much more relaxed atmosphere, the lines between personal and professional can easily be blurred. It is important as an employer and employee to understand what is ethical and what is not ethical in the specific workplace you are immersed in. Jane was a summer camp counselor at Girls Incorporated overRead MoreSocial Media and How It Effects Interpersonal Relationships1523 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1997 this website opened up the idea for creating a list of users that could interact with eachother on a personal level over the internet. There were many other social network platforms that rose to fame but then quickly declined. The platform Facebook began at Harvard University and was a strictly .edu based platform. The .edu domain is related with education based systems. Facebook was then eventually opened up to all users and allowed for non-edu addresses. Social networking sites have increasedRead MoreConformity And Technology1147 Words   |  5 Pagesregardless if its right or not. Morality is doing what is right despite what the majority do or believe. More and more people transfer from land lines, to mobile phones, from flip phones to keyboard phones, and from keyboard phones to touch screen phones. 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More importantly, wondering what the government has successfully hidden, seeing that warrantless surveillanceRead MoreHow is technology affecting the younger generations perceptions of morality and the world?1399 Words   |  6 PagesHow is technology affecting the younger g enerations perceptions of morality and the world? The advent of the internet signaled a revolutionary shift for society, in which participation in massive amounts of information was easily and rapidly accessible to any connected country. This digital revolution gave rise to monolithic digital communities that dominate the web and strongly influence the globe; Twitter helped Belarusian youth organize flash-protests against their authoritarian governmentRead MoreSocial Media Influences Thoughts And Morality1350 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Essay: Social Media Influences Thoughts and Morality In today’s society you can keep up to date with current information, due to social media. While also keeping in touch with family and friends around the world. Going through their updates, and generating likes. These likes could be the individual’s post about their life events, vacation, or simply just their opinions. It’s these post that are structuring the way we think, as we read their post, and press that like button. Even if we do

How Consumer Drones Changed Public Safety, And Privacy

How Has Consumer Drones Changed Public Safety, And Privacy? Imagine being able to fly through the sky with nothing more than a remote control and a camera. This sounds pretty futuristic but the future is here with the new consumer drones with capabilities such as GPS, auto stabilizing cameras and advanced electronics to make the future a reality. But how safe are these drones to consumers concerning privacy and public safety? Though these drones have improved consumer life, their safety to consumer privacy and public safety is a major issue of concern. The research will establish that these consumer drones are basically harmless, unless they land in the wrong hands. Technological advancement has improved the consumer drones and the services they provide. Scientific innovations such as GPS, autopilot systems, support software as well as the use of auto-stabilizing cameras have made the consumer life full of imagination. â€Å"These drones have the ability to fly at a programmed route while taking aerial photos and video recording even in the presence of bad weather conditions and greater heights that make it impossible for pilots (Corrigan)†. Which in itself is pretty incredible. â€Å"The aerial photography achieved is with greater accuracy, therefore, they could be used to make site surveys, monitoring crops, aerial 3-D mapping, military surveillance, world life protection, and search and rescue operations (Handwerk)† which make the consumer drone not just for the amatuarShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Ethical And Social Values For A Person1323 Words   |  6 Pagesevery human being in society . Let us consider a problem which will show us what it means exactly how importance of ethical and social values for a person . Mo (Mackinnon)st of the people they are posting some videos on web and which are like poor performance of dancing and singing and some arguing videos . According to ethical and social consideration those impact on human behavi or is very changed . For instance this is not a problem for some people but also it is problem for some people . likeRead MoreMarketing Channels : Delivering Customer Value1706 Words   |  7 Pagesbookstore, to diversifying to sell DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, video downloads/streaming, MP3 downloads/streaming, audiobook downloads/streaming, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. The company also produces consumer electronics—notably, Amazon Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, and Fire TV—and is the world s largest provider of cloud infrastructure services. Amazon also sells certain low-end products like USB cables under its in-house brand Amazon Basics. 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According to Debbie Kasper in her journal, â€Å"The Evolution (Or Devolution) of Privacy,† privacy is a struggling dilemma in America. Kasper asks, â€Å"If it is gone, when did it disappear, and why?†(Kasper 69). Our past generation has experienced the baby boom, and the world today is witnessing a technologicalRead MoreComputers and Technology: the Downfall of Civilization8392 Words   |  34 Pagesplaces where poverty was the status quo. However, Computers and technology, in third world countries that have little or no functioning government or military can create problems for the rest of us. Did you know that you can find the instructions on how to build a â€Å"dirty bomb† online? Imagine the ramifications if an underdeveloped country’s leader wanted to use a â€Å"dirty bomb† in order to take over another country or wage war against his enemies? 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Art with Science The Italian Renaissance and Art

â€Å"No painter can paint well without a thorough knowledge of geometry† (qtd. in Butterfield 27). The Italian Renaissance is famous for its art which includes unique style of painting and sculpting, however, the Renaissance made significant remark on the use of scientific techniques which also can be considered as the influence of classical ideas. Although, classical ideas were not advanced like in the Renaissance, it provided the foundation for the Renaissance to revive it again. The Italian Renaissance transformed the manner of viewing the arts. Before, most people in Italy were bounded by religious thoughts and beliefs. Renaissance helped people to shift their mind and behavior towards the secular ideas, instead of vague ideology like†¦show more content†¦They began to paint and sculpt human bodies which needed specific techniques of scaling and math. Historian William J. Connell, La Motta Chair in Seton Hall University, describes the common artistic features bet ween Classical age and Renaissance. He explains, â€Å"Freestanding, larger-than-life-size statues of human beings were sculpted for the first time since antiquity† (3). During the Classical age, huge statues of human could be found in the history in which scientific ideas were required to design and to sculpt it appropriately. Artists of Renaissance revived the way of sculpting as well as painting of Greek and Roman culture where they used techniques from math as well as science. The influence of classical culture transformed the art and the way of making it by using scientific knowledge of drawing and sculpting, and provided it a sense human importance on the artistic works. Humanism became the dominant ideology in the Renaissance where artists looked on themselves. They started illustrate human emotions through their paintings and sculptures. They emphasized on human feelings and made many statues which portrayed anger, love, hate, etc. Goldstein, a professor in art history, describes about the secular ideas of humanism. Several artists wrote about humanism which includes broad moral ideas as well as visual art (641). Humanism helped people to realize the moral values and its use in art People happened to think about morality whichShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of Gothic And Romanesque Art1569 Words   |  7 PagesAt the turn of the 14th century, Italian thinkers desired to rewrite society as they saw and dreaded the pain and hate brought onto humanity by Medieval times. Humanists returned to the teachings of the ancient greats to rewrite European civilizations. The Middle Ages were times of chaos and lack of admiration for beauty. Artists of tha t time were confined in strict rules forced onto them by the clergy or by laic rulers as rival sovereigns waged war upon war for their own glory. The lateRead MoreRenaissance Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance was an era of change in human thought. It was characterized by a new philosophy, which included the rise of humanism, individualism, and secularism. Writers and artists began to focus on the individual man and his potential. The Renaissance movement began in the Italian city-states, especially Florence, and spread northward toward the rest of Europe. The Renaissance was the rebirth of new ideas in all aspects of life such as: science, technology, classical art, and education. Read MoreAn Instrument For The Discovery Of Truth1301 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscoursing about the Italian Renaissance man. Burckhardt disputes about the Italian Renaissance not producing an Italian Shakespeare. He proclaims that Shakespeare is the exception and then, he faults the Spaniards and the Church for not being able to produce an Italian Shakespeare. 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Leonardo da Vinci virtually changed the worl d and the Italian Renaissance by greatly influencing it with his freshRead MoreCompare and Contrast Italian Renaissance Painting and Sculpture to the Northern Renaissance Painting and Sculpture1731 Words   |  7 PagesBefore you can compare and contrast the art of the Italian Renaissance to the artworks of the Renaissance in the North, you have to understand the roots of the Renaissance. Renaissance has a special meaning, referring to a period of the grand florescence of the arts in Italy during the 14th century and progressed and migrated, in the 15th and 16th centuries, to Northern Europe. The Renaissance was stimulated by the revival of the classical art forms of ancient Greece and Rome. The â€Å"re-birth of knowledgeRead MoreRenaissance And The Italian Renaissance1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Italian Renaissance had two distinct periods during its lifetime. The first being the â€Å"Early Renaissance†, which took place between the late 13th and the early 14th centur ies. The second period was known as the â€Å"High Renaissance†, which took place during the 15th and 16th centuries. These two periods had very distinct foundations and styles behind the art and architecture of their respective periods. The Early Renaissance revived many old themes which later became the foundations for the HighRead MoreWhat Does The Renaissance Means and Where It Started1514 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Renaissance means and where it started The word â€Å"renaissance† means re-birth and also re-awakening. It also meant the activity, motion and even time of the big and great revival of not only art, but literature, learning, culture and science. Renaissance as a word symbolizes the revival of many aspects of life and also the transition from the medieval times to the modern times. Renaissance started in the 14th century in the republic of Florence (â€Å"Firenze† in Italian) in the north of Italy. Read MoreRenaissance Art : A Rebirth Of Classical Learning And The Rediscovery Of Greece862 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Art The Renaissance art reflected a rebirth of classical learning and the rediscovery of Greece and Ancient Rome. The Renaissance began in Northern Italy right after the Black Death which was also known as the Plague, a disease that had occurred killing almost half of the Europe’s population. The only way to avoid the disease was to leave the city to a country, however, only the rich were able to afford the trip verses the poor. The plague had led to an economic depression, there wereRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesThe Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance was one of the most colorful, vital, and exciting times in history. Renaissance eventually comes from the French word Renaistre, meaning to be born again. The Renaissance was a revival or a rebirth of cultural awareness and learning among art, law, language, literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics. This period took place between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Renaissance in Italy flourished in the 15th century andRead MoreThe Renaissance And The Medieval Period1658 Words   |  7 Pages1. What is new about the Renaissance, compared to the medieval period that we studied in the last unit? The word Renaissance means revival or rebirth. This word comes from the European civilizations that follows behind the Middle Ages. It was held to characterize an interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance dealt with the discovery and exploration of new continents, a decline in the growth of commerce and feudal systems. This new birth of resurrection is considered to have begun

Community Management and Organizations Path Goal Theory

Question: Discuss about the Community Management and Organizations for Path Goal Theory. Answer: Essay research Introduction The topic selected for the essay is path goal theory and its implication in organizations. The path goal theory of leadership consists of four groups such as leadership styles, environmental contingencies, outcomes and subordinate contingencies. The essay research will focus on the styles of leadership that are described in the theory with the context of organizational examples. Leaders will change and adapt their pattern of leadership that suits their employees. Discussion The basic assumptions illustrated by path goal theory of leadership are clarifying paths towards reaching goals, taking care of problems, increasing the number of rewards, taking initiatives that satisfy the employees. However, the leaders can increase the productivity of the team by explaining different positive aspects of its style. The leadership styles that will be explained in the essay are as follows: Directive Leadership Leaders of organizations such as Google follow directive leadership styles. They clarify the guidelines and expectations. The guidelines of a particular work include rules and regulations, setting various guidelines of performances, work schedule and performance of tasks. In this way, the relation between the leader and followers will be nurtured. Communication between the team members is the cause of the improved relationship and improved productivity of the team while accomplishing the goals (Chemers 2014). Supportive Leadership The leaders following supportive leadership style are usually friendly in nature. The approach of these leaders is different from leaders who are practicing different style of leadership such as autocratic and transformational leadership. Global organization like 3M follows supportive leadership in order to motivate the executives of the company. As the company is focused with innovation, hence leaders motivate the employees by increasing employee confidence, improvement of trust and relations between leaders and followers, etc (Daft 2014). Participative Leadership Participative leadership is the most popular style of leadership practiced by many successful leaders of the world. This form of leadership style is characterized by consulting the employees in the decision making process of the company. For instance, founder of South West Airlines, Herb Kelleher follows participative leadership for making any decision in the company. He is famous for the leadership style followed by him in the organization. In this way, Kelleher is successful in maintaining a reputation in the airline sector (Dinh et al. 2014). Achievement oriented Achievement oriented leadership style is characterized by having high expectations from the followers. Leaders assume that the subordinates or the followers will take the responsibility of the work they are assigned to. Steve Jobs in Apple believe in innovation. Executives of Apple have high responsibility as they are focused on development of innovative products. The roles of the employees are challenging in nature that help Apple in maintaining the quality of its products (Li et al. 2012). Outcomes (Performance and satisfaction) The performances of the organization along with the satisfaction of the employees are mentioned in the essay. Various organizational examples are explained in the essay such as Southwest, Apple, McDonalds, 3M, Google, etc. The path-goal leadership theory is implemented in order to develop the appropriate forms of leadership along with its improved productivity among the employees of the different organizations. The satisfaction of the employees must be high so that they can deliver their best in their particular field of work. It is seen that, various forms of leadership like directive, supportive, achievement oriented and participative leadership are implemented in accomplishing the organizational goals. Various organizations have different practice of leadership theories based on the nature of the organization culture as well as the employees associated with it. Apart from that, situational leadership can also be implemented in a team to improve the efficiency of the workers along with the productivity of the team to meet the target set for them by the organization. It depends on the understanding of the leader of the company. Subordinate and environmental contingency Factors of subordinate contingency can be divided into perceived ability, locus of control and experience. The organization should have their control on the lives of their employees. Internals and externals i.e. the effects of internal and external factors on the lives of employees are also considered by the organizations. Big multinational organizations like McDonalds have increased locus of control to their junior level employees. However, it can be seen that the employees that are experienced or working at middle level and senior level management do not require greater locus of control. Experience of their work in McDonalds helps them in gaining perceived ability. Higher locus of control is considered as directive leadership. It is required for the people who are having little experience. Environmental contingency factors are divided into task structure, formal authority system and primary work group. The factors of leadership that create an effect on the task structure are supportive leadership, directive leadership and no leadership. The situational leadership is the best form of leadership practiced by companies like Southwest Airlines. Southwest has a good form of leadership by its senior management that increased the productivity of the company. The formal authority system is very clear which is the result of participative and situational leadership. The employees of Southwest Airlines are included in the decision making process so that they feel that organizations provide value to them. It is the form of primary work group. Conclusion Many leaders follow the path goal theory of leadership across the world. The four styles of leadership that are described above have practical implications that are described above. the organizational leaders are famous for their own style of leadership not only within the organization but also outside the company. The other four approaches of the theory if implemented in a right way will increase the performance level of the team. Essay Plan Introduction The question that is set regarding the topic of Path Goal leadership theory in the essay research is: How do organizations use the mentioned leadership styles by reducing the weaknesses present in the team apart from having criticisms? The question is interesting because it covers the negative aspects faced by a team at organizational level. Solutions are also provided regarding the mentioned problems faced by the individual teams of various organizations. Criticisms will also be described in the following. Discussion Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Topic Sentence : Directive leadership helps leaders to lead the team towards higher productivity and performance level by reducing errors of the team. Topic Sentence : Global leaders of the organizations follow this leadership while improving the employee relations. Topic Sentence : Participative leadership helps in giving priorities to the junior executives while increasing their motivation towards work. Example: Small medium enterprises usually follow directive leadership (Yukl 2012). Example: Weaknesses of the team members are improved by the implementation of the supportive leadership style (Van Knippenberg and Sitkin 2013). Example: Leaders of global corporations usually involve the mid level and junior members while formulating strategies of the organization (Van Wart 2013). Explanation: There are many problems that are faced by the supervisors and team leaders of the small medium enterprises. The problems are inexperienced employees, unstructured tasks, unclear authority system. Apart from that, external authority controls the employees of the organizations with lower ability to perceive things. Explanation: A team can have different problems such as lack of confidence, frustrating tasks, lack of interest in the delegated tasks, etc. there are many other problems in a team that can arise due to lack of conveying the goals and objectives of the accomplished tasks. Explanation: Most of the cases, team leaders delegate tasks without knowing the nature of the team performers. This leads to dissatisfaction of the workers while resulting in poor performance. Link: Directive leadership will structure the tasks and formal authority system in a clear and structured way. The leader will diminish the external locus of control while improving the cohesiveness of the team. Link: Supportive leadership style by leaders will enhance the relationship between the leader and employees. This can lead to more interactions that minimize the errors of the team members. Link: Participative leadership helps global leaders in giving priority to the employees that are having potential to grow in the organization. Paragraph 4 Paragraph 5 Paragraph 6 Topic Sentence Achievement oriented leadership helps improving performance more rather than individual importance. Topic Sentence The four styles have negative impacts too that can hinder the progress of a team. Topic Sentence The strengths of the theory illustrate different forms of leadership along with other environmental and subordinate contingencies. Example Apple is a follower of this style of leadership that highlights innovation (Lorinkova et al. 2013). Example Leaders must have to understand the weaknesses of the team in order to proper implementation of the team (Roueche et al. 2014). Example Organizations face issues in locus of control, task structure, delegation of tasks, etc (Martin et al. 2013). Explanation Individual goals are more focused rather than team goals. Responsibilities of the workers sometimes are not performed well in case of complex tasks. Explanation The theory is complex in nature and it considers many parameters that are hard to follow. The components are very hard to implement in practical field. It can also create dependence of the leaders to the form of leadership styles. Explanation Path goal theory has these approaches in the theoretical framework. It will help in improving the relation between the team members and supervisors. Link The type of leadership style will increase the internal control of the leader to the team. The employees must be qualified with required tasks for accomplishing tasks. Link Criticisms are there for the leaders for implementation of the leadership styles. Leaders must have a clear understanding of the various styles before implementing it. Link The theoretical frameworks will work best if the leaders or the supervisors have a clear understanding of the both strengths and weaknesses of the preferred style of leadership. Conclusion The cases that are discussed in the essay research and essay plan discusses about the various practices of leadership styles followed by different leaders of the world. The topic selected for the essay describes different forms of leadership styles along with its positive and negative impacts. References Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Daft, R.L., 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. Li, Y., Tan, C.H. and Teo, H.H., 2012. Leadership characteristics and developers motivation in open source software development.Information Management,49(5), pp.257-267. Lorinkova, N.M., Pearsall, M.J. and Sims, H.P., 2013. Examining the differential longitudinal performance of directive versus empowering leadership in teams.Academy of Management Journal,56(2), pp.573-596. Martin, S.L., Liao, H. and Campbell, E.M., 2013. Directive versus empowering leadership: A field experiment comparing impacts on task proficiency and proactivity.Academy of Management Journal,56(5), pp.1372-1395. Roueche, P.E., Baker III, G.A. and Rose, R.R., 2014.Shared vision: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Rowman Littlefield. Van Knippenberg, D. and Sitkin, S.B., 2013. A critical assessment of charismaticTransformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board?.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.1-60. Van Wart, M., 2013. Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders.Public Administration Review,73(4), pp.553-565. Yukl, G., 2012. Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), pp.66-85.

Essay Obama Speech Essay Example For Students

Essay Obama Speech Essay Analysis and interpretation Obamas speech (Groundbreaking Ceremony of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial) Everybody is fighting for ones personal rights. Some believe that it is their right to oppress others. Finally, there are those who fight for the rights of others. Many leaders have tried to stop oppression but the minority has succeeded. Not many are being compared to Moses and even fewer are being celebrated at memorial services when its over forty years since one left us. Americas current President, Barack Obama, has his focus on one of the greatest orators in American history, in his peech at the Groundbreaking Ceremony of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial (2006). In the following, I will analyze and interpret Obamas memorial speech. My main-focus will be aimed at Obamas personal opinion about Martin Luther, and his use of similar rhetorical instruments as Martin Luther did. The main topic in Obamas speech is the struggle for freedom and equality of opportunity in America. He emphasizes this by making the speech focus on the activist Martin Luther, who according to the majority of Americas population is the definition of liberty. Since there are a lot of parallels between Martin Luther and the truggle for freedom, and that the struggle is an issue Obama also attaches great political importance to, it is obvious and a well-chosen subject he clarifies. His intention is not to rally support for a movement or to criticize the republican part of the government. Its simply a tribute to remind Martin Luther and his operations and to create a sense of community. Just as Martin Luther King Jr. did in his speech l have a dream. They both do it aware that a large community will go far. Obama presents the speech at the Groundbreaking ceremony of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial. Given that Obama and Martin Luther supports the same values, I could imagine that most, who attend the Martin Luther King memorial, are supporters of Obamas policies. Therefor it is an important day under great circumstances for Obama to show up and make socialistic supporters remember what he and they themselves are fighting to reach. Furthermore, Obama has the opportunity to create a sense of community, because the audience most likely is affected by the reminding of one of the greatest orators in American history Martin Luther King who also is one of the reasons why the American society has become as equalized as it is. In short, its a day where the financial crisis isnt the audiences main-focus. The language In Obamas speech at the National Ceremony is build of coordinating sentences with a small vocabulary and a small amount of loan words. This is because of the informal, relaxed circumstances and audience. Again his intention is not to convey supporters, its a speech in memory of a essential chapter of American History. I also assume that the small amount of loan words is due to the susceptible to a simple and straightforward vocabulary, which constitutes a clear message. Of course, it is a memorial ceremony and therefor a must that it appeals to ommon Americans. Even though the subject already has an emotional impact on the crowd, he makes use of the appeal form, pathos. He does this by being rather personal. He puts the whole speech up on the basis of his closest family. He expresses his personal view of Martin Luther by explaining how he would respond to her daughter if she asked about who Martin Luther King was. In addition, his using warm and personal words such as daddy, a lot of positive-loaded adjectives and being very describing. For example when it says and reading the quotes on the wall together as the water falls like rain. which is a situation everyone can imagine and dream up. In the speech Obama is using many of the same rhetorical devices as Martin Luther King Jr. id. Obama makes use of repetitions, which Luther did in his speech l Have A Dream. Obama says l imagine us walking down to this and I picture us walking beneath . This strengthens the message and creates a sense of community. He compares what Martin Luther did with Moses acts, which are an allusion and a reference that is already loaded with built-in emotion. Like Moses before him, he would never live to see the Promised Land. By using antithesis he is rawing our attention to different ways of seeing life land in which strength is defined not simply by the capacity to wage war but by the determination to forge peace. Through the use of these similar rhetorical instruments as Martin Luther King used, Obama establishes a direct line between Martin Luther King and himself in the struggle for freedom and equality of opportunity in America. Overall, the speech is a beautiful tribute in honor of Martin Luther King and his epochal operations a tribute that reminds the American population of a leader who stood up against inequality and segregation.